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1592Galileo Galilei, professor of mathematics at the
University of Pisa, drops two spheres of different masses from the Leaning
Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their
time of descent is
independent of their mass.
This disproves the theory of gravity
according to Aristotle which states objects fall at speed proportional to their
mass.
1611
Galileo Galilei comes to the
attention of the Inquisition for the first time for his Copernican views.
1615
Dominican friar, Niccolo Lorini,
who had earlier criticized Galileo's view in private conversations, files a
written complaint with the Inquisition against Galileo's Copernican views.
Galileo subsequently writes a long letter defending his views to
Monsignor Piero Dini, a well connected
official in the Vatican, he then writes his Letter to the Grand Duchess
Christina arguing for freedom of inquiry and travels to Rome to defend his
ideas
1616
A committee of consultants
declares to the Inquisition that the propositions that
the Sun is the center of the universe and
that the Earth has an annual
motion are absurd in
philosophy, at least erroneous in
theology, and formally a heresy.
On orders of the
Pope Paul V, Cardinal
Bellarmine calls Galileo to his residence and administers a warning not to hold
or defend the Copernican theory.
Galileo is forbidden to discuss
Copernican theory orally or in writing.
1624
Galileo meets repeatedly with his (at that time)
friend and patron Pope
Urban VIII, he is allowed to write about the Copernican theory as long as
he treated it as a mathematical hypothesis.
1625
A complaint against Galileo's publication The Assayer is lodged
at the Inquisition by a person unknown.
The complaint charges atomistic theory embraced
in this book cannot be reconciled with official church doctrine regarding the
Eucharist,
in which bread and wine are
"transubstantiated'' into Christ's flesh and blood.
After the
Inquisition investigation Galileo is exonerated.
1630
Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World
Systems, in which the Ptolemaic and Copernican
models are discussed and compared, is cleared (conditionally) to be published
by the Vatican.
1632
Pope Urban VIII,
convinced by the arguments of various Church officials, stops the distribution
of Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.
The case is
referred to the Inquisition and Galileo is summoned to Rome despite his
infirmities.
1633
Galileo is ordered to
stand trial on suspicion of heresy, "for holding as true the false doctrine
taught by some that the sun is the center of reality".
Galileo is
interrogated and threatened with physical torture.
June 22, 1633
Galileo is
found guilty of heresy, and the sentence
of the Inquisition is in three parts:
1) Galileo
is found "vehemently suspect of heresy,"
namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the center
of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that
one may hold and defend an opinion as probable
after it has been declared
contrary to Holy Scripture.
He was required to "abjure, curse, and
detest" those opinions.
2) He is sentenced to formal imprisonment at the
pleasure of the Inquisition.
On the following day this is commuted to
house arrest, in which he remains under for the rest of his life.
3)
His offending Dialogue is banned; and in an action not announced at the
trial, publication of any of his works is forbidden, including any he might
write in the future.
Galileo's work advocating
Copernicanism remains
on the Index of banned books until 1758.
His sentence prohibited him
from "teaching, defending or discussing"
Copernicanism.
In Germany, the works of
Johannes Kepler are also
banned by papal order. |
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