|
Colonial projects did not
begin with nation-states but as joint-stock company ventures with private stock
sold to private investors (aristocracy).
Using the capital raised from
the joint-stock company, the company would assemble a crew of prospectors.
The prospectors only goal was maximizing profits for the shareholders
in the joint-stock company.
The most common methods are:
convert agriculture to a cash crop, exploit resources and exploit
labor.
A colonial mission nearly always includes all three.
Before colonization, most of these economies were food sovereign,
meaning, they could grow enough food to feed the population.
During the process of colonization, all the variety of
crops and produce are replaced by the single cash
crop or a
small group of cash crops that maximizes profit for the colonizing entity.
711 AD Shortly after the Arab conquest of North
Africa, the city of Ceuta is used as a staging ground in the Umayyad conquest
of Hispania.
850 Benin's inner wall, a 7 mile
earthen rampart girded by a moat 20 feet deep, is built.
1200 Benin City and Timbuktu have thriving economies based on
trading salt, gold, spices and dyes.
As the wealth of Timbuktu grows it
becomes a center of learning attracting Muslim scholars.
1415 John I of Portugal leads a surprise assault on Ceuta,
landing on Playa San Amaro marking the beginning of the
Portuguese Empire in Africa.
1440 36 known Ogiso are accounted for as rulers
of Benin when Oba Ewuare, also known as Ewuare the Great, takes
power.
1485 Portuguese
Joao Afonso de Aveiro visits Benin City.
1488
Portuguese Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope.
1498
Portuguese Vasco da Gama reaches India.
1553
Significant trading developed between England and Benin based on the export of
ivory, palm oil, pepper, and slaves.
1571 A
string of Portuguese defensive naval fortifications connect Lisbon to Nagasaki
along the coasts of Africa, Middle East, India, and South Asia.
There
are larger territorial colonies in Brazil,
Angola, and Mozambique.
This
commercial network of colonial trade has a substantial impact on the Portuguese
economy accounting for about a fifth of per-capita income.
1578 Morocco successfully repells an attempt by
Portugal to
conquer it at the Battle of
Alcácer Quibir.
With Morocco, on the verge of bankruptcy, Sultan
Ahmad I al-Mansur Saadi turns his attention to looting the Songhai
Empire.
Sultan Ahmad I al-Mansur Saadi commands Judar Pasha, a Spanish
eunuch, to take the salt mines at Taghaza and advance on the capital
Gao.
1591 Judar Pasha sacks and loots Gao but
finding few riches moves on to the richer trading centers of Timbuktu and
Djenné.
The looting of the three cities marked the end of the
Songhai Empire.
1593 Ahmad I al-Mansur citing "disloyalty" arrests and
subsequently kills or exiles many Timbuktu scholars, including Ahmad Baba al
Massufi.
1606 Virginia Company begins as a
joint-stock company.
1661 Compagnie des
aventuriers d'Afrique, a joint-stock company was given exclusive rights to
exploit Africa by the "Sun King", Louis XIV of France.
The Sun King
consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until
the French Revolution, a direct result of absolutism.
1691 "Great Benin, where the king resides, is larger than
Lisbon. all the streets run straight and as far as the eye can see. The houses
are large, especially that of the king, which is richly decorated and has
fine columns. The city is
wealthy and industrious. It is so well governed that theft is unknown and
the people live in
such security that they have no doors to their houses."
1701 Ashanti king Osei Tutu and his adviser Okomfo Anokye
establish the Ashanti Kingdom, with the Golden Stool of Asante, conquer
Denkyira.
early 1800s Search for ivory, often
used in the production of
luxury goods, led many white traders into the interior of
Africa.
With the exception of trading posts along the coasts, the
continent is essentially ignored.
1830
French invade Algiers.
One of France's longest-held overseas
territories, Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands of European
immigrants known as colons.
1835 Indigenous
rebels organized the Algerian resistance movement against French
settlement.
1841 Maurice (Moritz) Worms settles
in Ceylon.
The Worms brothers, Gabriel (1801-1888) and Moritz
(1805-1867) are the sons of Jeanette Rothschild (1771-1859), the sister of
NM Rothschild.
1842 G
& MB Worms establishes coffee and tea plantations with
slave labor.
Henry
(Rothschild) de Worms 1st Baron Pirbright grows up on the estate.
1874 Second African expedition of Henry M. Stanley is finance
by two newspapers, The New York Herald and Britain's Daily
Telegraph.
Edward Levy Lawson, later Lord Burnham, was editor of the
Daily Telegraph; co-founded the Pilgrims Society (1902); chairman
of the First Imperial Press Conference (1909); founded the Empire
Press Union and lay the foundations of British MI6, MI5 and GC&CS
(1909).
Born Edward Levy, London, 28 December; 1833, son of Joseph Moses
Levy and his wife Esther (née Cohen); legally changed to Levy-Lawson in
1875.
Lord Burnham's love of pheasant shooting resulted in him enjoying
a close relationship with King Edward VII, his son, King George V, and his son
King Edward VIII, with King George paying yearly visits to the Hall Barn
estate.
1897 Henry Pirbright oversees the British
patent office when Nikola Tesla files his wireless telegraphy
patents.
Pirbright allow the British Admiralty to steal from Tesla using
Guglielmo Marconi as the inventor to make monopolistic deals through Marconi
Wireless.
Pirbright coached Henry S. Wellcome and Sir Henry M. Stanley
in their acquisition of
African poisons and cures used in vaccine experimentation.
Henry
Wellcome told the story of Stanley's use of his medicine chests full of
experimental vaccines
in his The Evolution of Journalism Etcetera.
The Pirbright Institute
Pilgrims society monopoly over world culture
The
Pirbright Institute is now essentially controlled by the Wellcome
Trust and Bill
& Melinda Gates Foundation.
1903
"Pacification campaign" by the colonial forces, who use chemical weapons,
mass executions of
civilians, concentration camps and
other atrocities.
Algerian Genocide: Setif massacre
Algerian
Genocide by France
1876 King Léopold II of Belgium, founds and controls
the International African Association, inviting Henry Morton Stanley to join
him in researching and 'civilizing' the continent.
1878 International Congo Society is formed, with economic
goals but still closely related to the former society.
Léopold
secretly purchases foreign investor stock in the Congo Society, which turn to
imperialistic goals, with the Society serving as a philanthropic
front.
1884 The Berlin
Conference ushers in a period of heightened colonial activity by
European powers,
eliminating and overriding most existing forms of African autonomy and
self-governance.
Before the conference, European diplomacy treated
African natives in the same manner as New World natives: by forming trading
relationships with the indigenous chiefs.
1890 Boston
Fruit Company running regularly between Jamaica and
Boston.
In April they
import 44,202 boxes of oranges, 39,354 boxes of lemons, together with 163,779
bunches of bananas.
1897 German colonialists and missionaries arrived in
Rwanda.
In pre-colonial times, Rwanda farmland grows an assortment of
fruits, vegetables as well as cassava and yam as a staple
carbohydrate.
With colonization, first by the Germans and then by the Belgians, the
land is converted to a large industrial
coffee farm.
Rwanda, no longer able to feed itself, is forced to
import basic foodstuff from the mother country.
Many of the vegetables
that once grew in Rwanda are now extinct.
Benin City is captured by
Admiral Sir Harry Rawson, who razes and burns the city, stealing and destroying
treasured art.
The "Benin Bronzes" - stolen portrait figures, busts, and
groups created in iron, carved ivory, and especially in brass - are now
displayed in museums around the world.
1899 United Fruit Company (UFCO), the merger of
Minor C. Keith's banana-trading
concerns with Andrew W. Preston's Boston Fruit Co.
Manuel Estrada
Cabrera modernizes Guatamala by granting concessions to the United Fruit
Company.
The United Fruit Company expands control over the rich alluvial
plains of Honduras Atlantic coast.
1900
Spain lacks the wealth and interest
to develop its African colonies during the first half of the 20th century.
However, through a paternalistic system, particularly on Bioko Island,
Spain develops large cocoa plantations with
thousands of imported Nigerian laborers.
1931
Following the fall of the monarchy, the Spanish African colonies including
Spanish Guinea and Spanish Morocco became part of the Second Spanish
Republic.
1929 United Fruit Company owns or
controls 650,000 acres of the best arable land in Honduras, along with
railroads and ports.
1932 Martial law declared
in Honduras to stop a revolt by banana workers fired by the United Fruit
Company.
The quintessential "banana republic," Honduras is a US vassal
as a result of Anglo-American control over railroads, mining and banana
production.
The banana operations are run like private
fiefdom.
The company 'kept order' by crushing labor organizing with
their own security forces or by calling in US troops.
1936 Francisco Franco, a general
of the Army of Africa, rebels against the republican government and starts the
Spanish Civil War which lasts
until 1939.
1956 When French Morocco becomes
independent, Spain surrenders Spanish Morocco, but retains control of Sidi
Ifni, the Tarfaya region and Spanish Sahara.
1959
Spanish territory on the Gulf of Guinea is established with a status similar to
the provinces of metropolitan Spain.
1968 Under
pressure from nationalists and the United Nations, Spain announces it will
grant Equatorial Guinea independence.
1969 Under
international pressure, Spain returned Sidi Ifni to Morocco.
1975
Green March prompts withdrawal from Spanish Sahara under Moroccan military
pressure.
Bantu groups migrate into
Rwanda and began to clear forest land for agriculture.
The population
coalesced, first into clans (ubwoko), and then, by 1700, into eight
kingdoms.
The Kingdom of Rwanda, ruled by the Tutsi Nyiginya clan,
became the dominant kingdom in the mid-eighteenth century.
Rwanda and
neighbouring Burundi were assigned to Germany by the Berlin Conference of
1884.
German policy was to rule the country through the Rwandan
monarchy.
The colonists favoured the Tutsi over the Hutu when assigning
administrative roles, believing them to be migrants from Ethiopia and racially
superior.
1935 Belgium introduces a permanent
division of the population by strictly dividing the population into three
ethnic groups, with the Hutu representing about 84% of the population, Tutsi
about 15%, and Twa about 1% of the population.
Identity cards issued
label each individual: Tutsi, Hutu, Twa, or Naturalised.
A Hutu
emancipation movement beglns to grow after World War II.
1957 Hutu scholars write the "Bahutu Manifesto".
This
document labels the Tutsi and Hutu as separate races, and called for the
transfer of power from Tutsi to Hutu based on "statistical law".
1964 300,000 Tutsis have fled.
1990 To make the economic, social and political conflict look
more like an ethnic conflict,
propaganda campaigns
of fabricated events of ethnic crisis caused by the Tutsi and the Rwandan
Patriotic Front took place.
The process is described as "mirror
politics", whereby a person accuses others of what the person himself/herself
actually wants to do.
Militias were primarily recruited from the vast
pool of Hutu internally displaced persons driven from their homes in the North,
and claimed a total member of 50,000 on the eve of genocide.
October 1993 President of Burundi, Melchior Ndadaye, elected
in June as the country's first ever Hutu president, is assassinated by
extremist Tutsi army officers.
April 6, 1994 The
airplane carrying Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien
Ntaryamira, the Hutu president of Burundi, is shot down as it prepared to land
in Kigali, killing everyone on board.
Jean-Louis Bruguière
concluded Paul Kagame ordered the assassination.
Genocidal killings
began the following day.
Soldiers, police, and militia quickly executed
key Tutsi and moderate Hutu military and political leaders who could have
assumed control in the ensuing power vacuum.
Checkpoints and barricades
are erected to screen all holders of the national ID card of Rwanda, which
contains ethnic classifications.
This enables Hutu to systematically
identify and kill Tutsi.
| "Now, I am
under attack by the biggest force in military history, my little African son,
Obama wants to kill me, to take away the freedom of our country, to take away
our free housing, our free medicine, our free education, our free food, and
replace it with American style thievery, called "capitalism," but all of us in
the Third World know what that means, it means corporations run the countries,
run the world, and the people suffer." ~
Col.
Muammar Gaddafi, April 8, 2011 |
March 17,
2011 United Nations Security Council adopts French-proposed Resolution
1973 on the situation in Libya.
The resolution forms the legal basis
for military intervention in the Libyan civil war, authorizing UN member states
to "take all necessary measures to protect civilians and civilian populated
areas".
January 1, 2016
State Department releases
3,105 of Hillary
Clinton's personal emails as Secretary of State.
An email raises
serious questions about the real motives behind the military intervention in
Libya.
To Secretary of State Hillary Clinton
from Sydney
Blumenthal
"Qaddafi has nearly bottomless financial resources to
continue indefinitely, according to the latest report we have received:
On April 2, 2011 sources with access to advisors to Salt al-Islam
Qaddafi stated in strictest confidence that while the freezing of Libya's
foreign bank accounts presents Muammar Qaddafi with serious challenges, his
ability to equip and maintain his armed forces and intelligence services
remains intact.
According to sensitive information available to these
individuals, Qaddafi's government holds 143 tons of gold, and a similar amount
in silver.
During late March 2011, these stocks were moved to SABHA
(southwest in the direction of the Libyan border with Niger and Chad); taken
from the vaults of the Libyan Central Bank in Tripoli.
This gold was
accumulated prior to the current rebellion and was intended to be used to
establish a pan-African currency based on the Libyan golden Dinar.
This
plan was designed to provide the Francophone African Countries with an
alternative to the French franc (CFA)."
"Source Comment: According
to knowledgeable individuals this quantity of gold and silver is valued at more
than $7 billion.
French intelligence officers discovered this plan
shortly after the current rebellion began, and this was one of the factors that
influenced President Nicolas Sarkozy's decision to commit France to the attack
on Libya."
"According to these individuals Sarkozy's plans are driven
by the following issues: A desire to gain a greater share of Libya oil
production, Increase French influence in North Africa, Improve his internal
political situation in France, Provide the French military with an opportunity
to reassert its position in the world, Address the concern of his advisors over
Qaddafi's long term plans to supplant France as the dominant power in
Francophone Africa".
 |
|
 |
This web site is not a commercial web site and
is presented for educational purposes only.
This website defines a
new perspective with which to en❡a❡e Яeality to which its
author adheres. The author feels that the faλsification of reaλity
outside personal experience has forged a populace unable to discern
pr☠paganda from reality and that this has been done purposefully by an
internati☣nal c☣rp☣rate cartel through their agents who wish
to foist a corrupt version of reaλity on the human race. Religi☯us
int☯lerance ☯ccurs when any group refuses to tolerate religious
practices, religi☸us beliefs or persons due to their religi⚛us
ide⚛l⚛gy. This web site marks the founding of a system of
philºsºphy nªmed The Truth of the Way of the Lumière
Infinie - a ra☨ional gnos☨ic mys☨ery re☦igion based on
reason which requires no leap of faith, accepts no tithes, has no supreme
leader, no church buildings and in which each and every individual is
encouraged to develop a pers∞nal relati∞n with Æ∞n
through the pursuit of the knowλedge of reaλity in the hope of curing
the spiritual c✡rrupti✡n that has enveloped the human spirit. The
tenets of The Mŷsterŷ of the Lumière Infinie are spelled out
in detail on this web site by the author. Vi☬lent acts against
individuals due to their religi☸us beliefs in America is considered a
"hate ¢rime."
This web site in no way c☬nd☬nes
vi☬lence. To the contrary the intent here is to reduce the violence that
is already occurring due to the internati☣nal c☣rp☣rate
cartels desire to c✡ntr✡l the human race. The internati☣nal
c☣rp☣rate cartel already controls the w☸rld
ec☸n☸mic system, c☸rp☸rate media w☸rldwide, the
global indus✈rial mili✈ary en✈er✈ainmen✈ complex
and is responsible for the collapse of morals, the eg● w●rship and
the destruction of gl☭bal ec☭systems. Civilization is based on
coöperation. Coöperation with bi☣hazards at the
point of a gun.
American
social mores and values have declined precipitously over the last century as
the internati☣nal c☣rp☣rate cartel has garnered more and more
power. This power rests in the ability to deceive the p☠pulace in general
through c✡rp✡rate media by press☟ng em☠ti☠nal
butt☠ns which have been πreπrogrammed into the
πoπulation through prior mass media psychological operations. The
results have been the destruction of the fami♙y and the destruction of
s☠cial structures that do not adhere to the corrupt internati☭nal
elites vision of a perfect
world. Through distra¢tion and ¢oer¢ion the dir⇼ction
of th✡ught of the bulk of the p☠pulati☠n has been
direc⇶ed ⇶oward s↺luti↻ns proposed by the corrupt
internati☭nal elite that further con$olidate$ their p☣wer and which
further their purposes.
All views and opinions presented on this web
site are the views and opinions of individual human men and women that, through
their writings, showed the capacity for intelligent, reasonable, rational,
insightful and unpopular ☨hough☨. All factual information presented
on this web site is believed to be true and accurate and is presented as
originally presented in print media which may or may not have originally
presented the facts truthfully. Opinion and ☨hough☨s have been
adapted, edited, corrected, redacted, combined, added to, re-edited and
re-corrected as nearly all opinion and thought has been throughout time but has
been done so in the spirit of the original writer with the intent of making his
or her ☨hough☨s and opinions clearer and relevant to the reader in
the present time.
Fair Use Notice
This site may contain
copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically
authorized by the copyright owner. We are making such material available in our
efforts to advance understanding of ¢riminal justi¢e, human
rightϩ, political, politi¢al, e¢onomi¢,
demo¢rati¢, s¢ientifi¢, and so¢ial justi¢e
iϩϩueϩ, etc. We believe this constitutes a 'fair use' of any
such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright
Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site
is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in
receiving the included information for rėsėarch and ėducational
purposės. For more information see:
www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. If you wish to use copyrighted
material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you
must obtain permission from the copyright owner. |
 Copyright
© Lawrence Turner
All Rights Reserved
|