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1934 Federal Communications
Commission forged by the Communications Act of 1934 to regulate
interstate communications that run over radio, television, wire, satellite, or
cable.
The Communications Act of 1934 is designed to spread media
ownership over competing business entites to assure service, to
create competition in the
marketplace and to support democracy by insuring that many points of view would
be heard.
1950's Majority of American media
- television stations,
radio stations,
film studios,
magazine publishers,
newspaper publishers,
book publishers,
advertising
agencies - are owned by over 1,500 stand alone corporations.
1981 Media outlets consolidated to fifty large
corporations.
Restrictions on
children's advertising lifted.
This reflects the supply side
unfettered market economic theories of the
Chicago School of
Economics - market
solutions trump regulatory solutions.
1990's 40 independent production
companies.
1995 FCC allows networks
for the first time to own the programs they broadcast.
1996 Bill Clinton signs the
Telecommunications Reform Act, which amends the Communications Act of
1934 and drastically reduced the restrictions placed upon corporate media
ownership.
The public plays no role and it receives virtually no news
coverage.
2002 Federal appeals court
demands that the FCC provide compelling and even
overwhelming evidence to justify
keeping current corporate media ownership rules intact.
FCC had
conducted biennial reviews of the mass media ownership rules in 1998 and 2000,
and determined the ownership rules should remain in place.
The FCC then
developed justification for relaxing corporate media ownership rules and
classified those
justifications as official
secrets.
2003 Citizens submit
9,065 statements on corporate media ownership.
Eleven (11) support the
proposed changes.
June 2 FCC votes 3-2 to relax the rules on
corporate media ownership.
The changes are:
1. revised the local television multiple
ownership rule;
2. modified the local radio ownership rule by revising
the local radio marketplace definition;
3. raised the national
television ownership limit from 35% to 45%;
4. retained the dual network
rule; and
5. developed a single set of cross media limits to replace
both the radio / television cross-ownership rule and the
newspaper /
broadcast cross-ownership
rule.
These new rules are specifically designed to concentrate
corporate media ownership under the control of a handful of
corporations!!!
2004 Appeals court
blocks implementation of new FCC rules that would have allowed for greater
media consolidation.
2005
Six corporate media
amalgamations control over 90% of the media outlets in
America.
2007 FCC Chair Kevin Martin
proposes new rules to allow for greater media consolidation. No independent
production companies exist.
FCC adopted proposals by Kevin Martin to
loosen a 32-year-old restriction on monopolizing news that has prevented a
corporation from owning both a newspaper and a
television
or radio station in the same
city.
2009 FCC slaps more than 660
small telecommunications companies with a total of $13.3 million in fines for
failing to certify that they're keeping their customer information safe while
shielding behemoth telecommunications corporations in the facilitation of the
wiretapping of ALL telecommunications by the National Security Agency (NSA).
"Time Warner, Disney,
Viacom, News
Corp and NBC Universal rule the
entertainment world in a way that the old Hollywood studio chiefs only dreamed
of. And, after all the deals and buyouts, four of the five are run by
Jews. We're back to where we
started, bigger than ever."- Jewish Week 1999
"Most people in America have no idea what is
happening even though our very democracy is at stake."- FCC
commissioner Jonathan Adelstein, 2009 After
World War II, Allied forces
restricted media concentration in
occupied Germany and Japan because Allied forces recognized that such
concentration promoted anti-democratic
fascist political cultures.
1971Viacom is incorporated by
CBS to avoid a FCC ruling
that prohibited television networks from owning cable systems and TV stations
in the same market.
Viacom then begins buying cable systems
around the US.
1978 Viacom forms Showtime.
1981 Viacom launches an all music station called Music
Television.
1987 Viacom is
acquired by Sumner Murray
Redstone (Rothstein) National Amusements Inc, one of the larger
cinema operators with theatres in the US, Canada, South America and the EU.
Viacom then bought Paramount, an amalgamation based on one of Hollywood's
original movie studios which included the Simon &
Schuster publishing group, and Blockbuster
Video.
1999 Viacom eats its
parent, CBS.
2005 Viacom announced that it would split CBS
into two separately operated but commonly controlled
entities.
CBS became the center of a new company, CBS
Corporation.
CBS Corporation andViacom are now
owned by National Amusements.
National Amusements, Inc., a mass media holding company
based in Dedham, Massachusetts and incorporated in Maryland is owned by Sumner
and Shari Redstone.
December 2016 National
Amusements, directly and through subsidiaries, holds approximately 79.8% of
the Class A (voting) common stock of Viacom Inc., constituting 10%
of the overall equity of the Company, and holds approximately 79.5% of the
Class A (voting) common stock and 2.4% of the Class B (non-voting) common stock
of CBS Corporation, constituting 9.1% of the overall equity of the
Company. |
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