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import export
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1859 Iran exports 42,000 pounds of opium.
1861 Famine is widespread in Iran.
"In Isfahan, one
traveller reports as far as the eye could see there is nothing but fields of
poppies." - Gerald T. McLaughlin
In Kerman forty percent of the
population is smoking opium.
Women smoke at home while the men smoke in
the bazaars and coffee houses.
1870 A shift
towards production of a cash crop, opium, at the expense of food production
along with poor rainfall creates a famine.
Dry farming increases the
incidence of food shortages with a lack of rain.
One traveller during
this period estimates nine out of ten of the aged in Persia take one to five
grams of opium daily.
Plague appears and two thirds of the population in
large cities die.
1914 Iran exports 875,000
pounds of opium.
1917
The Great
Famine and Genocide in Persia
Great Britain role in Great Famine in Iran during World War
I
"We have a very extensive capability of
intercepting messages wherever they may be in the airwaves.
Now, that
is necessary and important to the United States as we look abroad at enemies or
potential enemies.
We must know, at the same time, that capability at
any time could be turned around on the American people, and no American would
have any privacy left such is the capability to monitor
everything—telephone conversations, telegrams, it doesn't matter.
There would be no place to hide.
The CIA is a
bureaucracy which feeds on
itself, and those involved are constantly sitting around thinking up
schemes for [foreign] intervention which will win them promotions and justify
further additions to the staff.
It self-generates interventions that
otherwise never would be thought of, let alone authorized." - Senator Frank
Church
"CIA arms, money, and disinformation enabled
Corsican criminal syndicates in Marseille to
wrestle control of labor
unions from the Communist Party.
The Corsicans gained political
influence and control over the docks - ideal conditions for cementing a
long-term partnership with mafia drug distributors, which turned Marseille into
the postwar heroin capital of the Western world.
Marseille's first
heroin laboratories were opened in 1951, only months after the Corsicans took
over the waterfront." - Alfred W. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin in Southeast
Asia
"The Nationalist Chinese army became the opium
barons of The Golden Triangle (parts of Burma, Thailand and Laos), the world's
largest source of opium and heroin.
Air America, the ClA's
principal airline proprietary, flew the drugs all over Southeast Asia. Many
Gl's in Vietnam became addicts.
A laboratory built at CIA headquarters
in northern Laos was used to refine heroin.
After a decade of American
military intervention, Southeast Asia had become the source of 70 percent of
the world's illicit opium and the major supplier of raw materials for America's
booming heroin market." -
Christopher Robbins, Air America A pattern becomes apparent in regimes
installed or supported by the CIA.
Nearly every regime derives a portion of its cash flow from the
distribution of narcotics.
In the absence of
a popular base for externally
installed puppets external
funds are needed for political repression.
There is someone very
close to the installed
puppet, typically a relative, that is heavily involved in a narcotics
supply network.
In Taiwan Chiang Kai-shek and his brother-in-law TV
Soong.
In Mexico Luis Echeverría Álvarez and his
brother-in-law Rubén Zuno Arce.
In
Iran Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and his twin sister
Ashraf Pahlavi.
In Vietnam
Ngô dình Diem
and his brother Ngô dình Nhu.
In Afghanistan
Hamid Karzai and his brother Ahmed Wali
Karzai.
Laos broke the close family tie rule-of-thumb when Phoumi
Nosavan used Ouane Rattikone.
1947-1954 First Indochina War
French SDECE military intelligence is in need of money for covert
operations.
Officers contact opium producers in the Golden Triangle,
and set up an international system of smuggling, the "French Connection", aided
by intelligence and other aid from SDECE.
An alliance is made between
the Corsican Mafia, who has a historical presence in South Vietnam dating back
to the French occupation, and leading members of the American and Sicilian
Mafia, under the leadership of Lucky Luciano.
Lucky
Luciano is asked to provide assistance to American military intelligence about
Axis infiltration of the waterfront in American ports (which was
effectively controlled by the Mafia), as well as assisting
Allied forces in their invasion of Sicily and Italy.
Luciano uses his
contacts in the Sicilian Mafia to assist US
forces by gathering intelligence and identifying both fascist collaborators and
Socialist/Communist elements in the Italian résistance movement, who are
then systematically eliminated.
Luciano is covertly permitted to run
his crime operations from prison, and at the end of the war he is deported back
to Sicily, where he immediately begins a major expansion of his drug
operations, forging alliances with Corsican Mafia members in South Vietnam and
organized crime figures in other countries, including
Australia.
20 percent of US soldiers
became addicted to CIA supplied heroin in Vietnam, according to a study
published in the Archives of General Psychiatry.
Many people believed a
huge number of addicts were about the head home when the war ended.
In
fact, 95 percent of the addicted soldiers, simply stopped.
Very few had
rehab.
They shifted from a terrifying cage back to a pleasant one and
no longer wanted a reminder of unpleasant Vietnam. |
1950 Drug
lords in Burma are recruited in operations against China.
1954
"The US defensive strategy for the region was defined by John Foster Dulles in
January 1954 in his "massive retaliation" speech.
According to Dulles,
the US would provide aid for the expansion and modernization of native armies
which would be able to hold the southward surge of China's armies long enough
for the US to launch a massive air strike at China's industry and
communications.
To facilitate these projected air-strikes into Southern
and Western China the US began construction and expansion of a network of
airbases centered on Northeast Thailand.
From1954-1962 the US spent a
modest $97.5 million on seven Royal Thai airbases, and two major highways
linking the base at Udorn in the Northeast with Bangkok and North central
Thailand." - Al McCoy
Subcontracting counterinsurgency
1959 Opium traffic
identified as an alternative source of income for Laotian government of Phoumi
Nosavan.
1963 Laotian Quanne Rattikone produces
heroin for the Army camps in South Vietnam.
CIA provides transpotation
through Air America.
1965 Theodore Shackley
supports Vang Pao in his quest for an opium
monopoly helping finance the building of an air drug shipment service
between Long Tien and Ventiane.
Laos becomes the largest
Heroin™ producing
center in the world.
Support is provided General Ouan Rattikone
(Phoumi's successor) and his drug-funded army.
Airplanes are supplied for opium
transportation and intervene militarily with air support in battles over
contested opium caravans.
"Ted Shackley ran the CIA
recruitment pool from which
Helliwell drew his increasingly
rapacious and lethal
workforce." - Patricia Goldstone
1968 Ted
Shackley helps arrange a partnership between Santos Trafficante and Vang
Pao.
"American involvement had gone far beyond coincidental complicity;
embassies had covered up involvement by client governments, contract airlines
had carried opium, and individual agents had winked at the opium traffic.
As an indirect consequence of American involvement in the Golden
Triangle, opium production steadily increased.
Southeast Asia's Golden
Triangle grew 70% of the world's illicit opium, supplied an estimated 30% of
America's Heroin™, and was capable of
supplying the United States with unlimited quantities of
Heroin™ for
generations to
come." - Alfred W. McCoy
"For the better part of a decade, a San Francisco
Bay Area drug ring sold tons of cocaine
to the Crips and Bloods street
gangs of Los Angeles and funneled millions in drug profits to a Latin
American guerrilla army run by the CIA." - Gary Webb
1977
Norwin Meneses Cantarero, known as El Rey del Drogas (the king of drugs), feels
the heat of a Nicaraguan customs probe into his smuggling of high-end North
American cars from the US into Nicaragua so
his gang murders the chief
of customs.
Norwin Meneses Cantarero comes from a family intimately
linked to the Somoza
dictatorship.
One brother had been chief of police in Managua.
Two other brothers are generals in the force most loyal to Somoza, the
National Guard.
The DEA and other agencies began
keeping files on Meneses in 1974.
1979 Sandinista revolution evicts Anastasio Somoza and his
corrupt regime.
Norwin Meneses Cantarero is granted political refugee
status when he and other
members of Somoza's elite flee to the US.
Norwin Meneses Cantarero,
"head of security and intelligence" for the leading organization in the Contra
coalition the Fuerza Democratico Nicaraguense works with Enrique
Bermudez, Oscar Danilo Blandon, a cousin, and Adolfo Calero.
They set up a cocaine distribution ring in San Francisco,
establishing ties with Freeway Ricky Ross who
manufactures crack out of shipments of
powder cocaine and distributes it through
the black street gangs of South Central
Los Angeles throughout America.
Profits made by the Nicaraguan
exiles are funneled back to the Contra army.
The son of a Managua slumlord, Blandon headed Somoza's
agricultural export program as an important component of the country's
mainly beef and
coffee based economy.
The
Somoza family owns at least a quarter of the nation's agricultural
land.
In his position as head of the export program,
Blandon has developed close ties to the Department of Commerce and the State Department.
He secures $27 million in USAID funding and is well known to the US
military and CIA, both of which have a commanding presence in Somoza's
Nicaragua.
Somoza sent his officer corps for
training in the US.
The CIA station chief was the most powerful foreigner in
Managua.
Blandon's wife, Chepita, came from a powerful clan, the Murillo
family.
One of her relatives is the mayor of Managua.
Both the
Blandon and Murillo families lost their land locked fortunes in the 1979
revolution.
In Somoza's final days, Jimmy Carter made a last-ditch
effort to maintain a US-backed regime in Nicaragua even if Somoza should be
forced to quit.
The plan is to preserve
the National Guard as the custodian of US interests.
This plan
fails.
The Sandinistas sweep into power,
Carter orders the initial funding of what later becomes known as the Contras,
operating out of Honduras.
The CIA musters
Argentinian officers fresh from their own death squad campaigns, and these men
began to organize the exiled National Guardsmen into a military
force.
Enrique Bermudez had been a colonel in the National Guard, had
trained at the US National Defense College and had served from 1976 to July
1979 as Somoza's military attache in Washington.
Furnished with $300,000 in CIA money, Bermudez
takes command of the fledgling Contra force in Honduras.
1980s
Support provided to the warlord
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, leader of the Hezbi-i Islami guerilla group in
Afghanistan.
"The boom in the
Pakistan drug trade was financed by BCCI."- Alfred W. McCoy
1981 Bermudez
announces the formation of the FDN and his own position as commander of its
military wing.
The CIA script later installs Adolfo Calero, formerly
the Coca-Cola®
concessionaire in Managua, as the FDN's civilian head, operating mainly out of
the US, where he is under CIA supervision.
Reagan approves National
Security Directive 77, which provides a budget of $19.3 million for the
Contras.
April 13,
1989 "Bermudez was the target of a government-sponsored drug sting
operation." - John Kerry, chairman
committee investigating Contra cocaine smuggling. "Law enforcement officials know
that the sting was called back in the interest of protecting the
Contras."
"There's a saying," Blandon testified, "that the ends justify
the means. And that's what Mr. Bermudez told us in
Honduras."
Kerry Committee
report concludes that members of the
State Department "provided
support for the Contras involved in drug trafficking ... elements of the
Contras received financial and material assistance from drug
traffickers."
November 1993 Judge Robert C.
Bonner, the former head of the DEA, appeares on 60 Minutes and alleges that the
CIA had permitted literally a ton of cocaine to enter the
US.
1996
Gary Webb writes a series of
articles published in the San Jose Mercury News which investigates the
Nicaraguans linked to the CIA-backed Contras who had smuggled cocaine into the
US.
According to Gary Webb, the CIA was aware of the cocaine
transactions and the large shipments of drugs into the US by the Contra
personnel and directly aided drug dealers to raise money for the Contras.
CIA Director John M. Deutch went to Los Angeles to refute the allegations
raised by the Gary Webb articles, and was famously confronted by former LAPD
officer Michael Ruppert, who said he had witnessed it occurring.
A
Miami jury indicted former Venezuelan anti-narcotics chief and CIA asset,
General Ramon Guillen Davila, who "led a CIA counter-narcotics program that put
tons of cocaine on US streets in 1990."
2001 The
American presence in Afghanistan is weakened initially by its dependence on a
drug-trafficking Tajik-Uzbek minority coalition - the Northern Alliance led by
Ahmad Shah Massoud.
"Since 2002, the prosecution of
the war in Afghanistan 'at
all levels' has been based on an implied strategy of attrition
via clearing operations
virtually identical to those pursued in Vietnam.
In Vietnam, they
were dubbed "search and destroy
missions;" in Afghanistan they are called "clearing operations" and
"compound searches," but the purpose is the same, to find easily replaced
weapons or clear a tiny,
arbitrarily chosen patch of worthless ground for a short period, and then
turn it over to indigenous security forces who can't hold it, and then go do it
again somewhere else." - Thomas Johnson
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