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Imam Al-Ghazali relates a
tradition from the
life of Isa, ibn Maryam.
Isa one day saw some people sitting miserably on a
wall, by the roadside.
Isa asked:
"What is your affiliction?"
They said: "We have become like this through our fear of
Hell."
Isa went on his way, and saw a number of people milling
about.
Isa said: "What is your affiliction?"
They said: "Desire for Paradise has made us like
this."
Isa went on his way, until he came to a third group of
people.
They looked worse for wear but
their faces shone with joy.
Isa asked them: "What has made you like this?"
They answered: "
The Spirit of Truth has made us
oblivious of lesser
goals."
Isa stated: "These individuals attain.
They dwell in the Presence of
God."
Al-Ghazali pointed out the problem of conditioning 800
years before Pavlov.
Even now many observers are
unaware of the power
of indoctrination.
Indoctrination,
in totalitarian
societies, provides
desirable conforming belief.
Most of the time indoctrination and
conditioning is not suspected.
This is what makes almost
anyone vulnerable to indoctrination.
At the time of Al-Ghazali's
writing informed opinion was split between whether
any type of indoctrination was
desirable or inescapable.
Al-Ghazali noted
belief systems in action
entail emotional
obsession.
Al-Ghazali stated that
indoctrination and
conditioning is
unnecessary.
It is
essential to be able to identify indoctrination and conditioning tactics.
Al-Ghazali saw distinction
between Øpinion and
Ḵnowledge as easily
lost.
When Øpinion and
Ḵnowledge becomes confused
Al-Ghazali taught those who know the
difference make indoctrination and
conditioning
visible.
Al-Ghazali arrived at his
understanding of true knowledge
through his upbringing in Sufism and through
direct perception of the truth.
Al-Ghazali stressed
the role of the
inculcation of belief.
He invited his readers to
observe the mechanism involved.
Al-Ghazali insisted upon pointing
out that those who are learned may
be, and often are, ignorant as well, and
can be bigoted,
obsessed with delusion.
Al-Ghazali affirms true
knowledge, a higher form of human
understanding.
His works were so highly acclaimed by his
contemporaries that al-Ghazali was awarded the honorific title "Proof of
Islam".
Al-Ghazali contributed significantly to the development of a
systematic view of Sufism and to its integration and acceptance in
mainstream Islam.
As a scholar of
Orthodox Islam, he belonged to the Shafi'i school of
Islamic jurisprudence and to the Asharite
school of theology.
Al-Ghazali wrote over 70 books on science, Islamic
philosophy and Sufism.
Al-Ghazali is recognized as Mujaddid (Renewer of
the Faith).
Al-Ghazali has been referred to by some historians as the
single most influential Muslim after the
Muhammad ibn 'Abdullāh.
Al-Ghazali so successfully criticized
Hellenistic Neoplatonism infecting
Islam that Orthodox Islamic scholars
became tolerant of Sufism.
Most of Al-Ghazali books
were burned in an
attempt to destroy the knowledge he imparted on indoctrination and
conditioning. |
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