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In the name of the merciful
and compassionate Lord.
0 thou who art
enwrapped!
Rise by
night except a little the half, or
deduct there from a
little, and chant the sacred text.
Verily, we will cast on thee a heavy
speech.
Verily, the early part of the
night is stronger in impressions and
more upright in speech!
Verily, thou hast by day a long employment; but
mention the name of thy Lord,
Devote thyself thoroughly to Him; there is
no Allah but He; then take Him for a guardian!
And
endure patiently what they say, and flee from
them with a decorous flight.
And leave those who say it is a lie, who
are possessed of comfort; and let them bide for a while.
Those who bear
the throne and those around it
celebrate the praise of their Lord,
Believe in Him, and ask pardon for those who believe.
'Our Lord,
thou dost embrace all things in mercy and knowledge,
then pardon those who
turn repentant and follow thy way, and guard them from the torment of
hell!'
'Our Lord make them enter into gardens of
Paradise which thou hast
promised to them, and to those who do
well of their fathers, and their wives, and their seed; verily, thou art the
mighty, the wise. Guard them from evil deeds, for he whom thou shalt guard from
evil deeds on that day, thou wilt have had mercy on, and that is mighty
bliss!
IN the name of the merciful and
compassionate Allah.
By the night
when it veils!
And the day when it is displayed!
And by what created
male and female!
Verily, your efforts are diverse!
As for him who gives
resources
and stands in
awe of Allah,
And believes in the
best,
We will send him easily to ease!
As for him who is closefisted,
And longs for wealth,
And calls the good a lie,
We will send him
easily to difficulty!
And his
wealth shall not avail him!
Verily, in the creation of the
heavens and the
Earth, and in the succession of
night and day, are signs to those possessed of minds;
who remember Allah
standing and sitting or lying on their sides, and reflect on the creation
of the heavens and the Earth.
'0 Lord! Thou hast not created it all in
vain.
We celebrate you
Lord!
 
The language of the Qur'an has been described as
"rhymed prose" as it partakes of both poetry and
prose; however, this description runs the risk of failing to convey the
rhythmic quality of Quranic language, which is more poetic in some parts and
more prose-like in others.
Cutural excellence revolved exclusively
around eloquent speech and the composition of beautiful and attractive poetry
and literary excellence.
Muhammad found attentive ears among his
contemporaries, who not only were articulate users of the language but held
those skilled in the arts of linguistic composition in high
esteem.
Before the rise of Islam, Arabic was mainly a spoken language
with an oral literature of elaborate poetry and, to a lesser extent, prose.
Writing had not yet fully
developed and memorization was the most common means of preserving the
literature.
Prophet Musa had
the power to divide the sea with his
hand and rod, and to let the rock burst forth with water in the desert, and
all his other signs in a time of
magic.
Prophet Isa had the power to bring the
dead back to life, to make birds out of clay, to cure those who had been blind
from birth and the leprous, and all his other signs
in a time of medicine.
Prophet Muhammad had the book and his other signs in
a time of eloquence.
Sharia, Shari-'ah, Shari'a, Shariah,
Syariah,
Islamic law or the Law of
Allah
Shariah controls, rules and
regulates all public and private behavior.
Shariah has regulations for personal hygiene, diet,
sexual conduct, and elements of child
rearing.
Mainstream Islam distinguishes between fiqh, which means '
understanding of details' and refers to the inferences drawn by scholars, and
sharia, which refers to the principles that lie behind the fiqh.
Scholars hope that fiqh and sharia are in
harmony in any given case, but
they cannot be sure.
Sharia has certain laws which are regarded as
divinely ordained, concrete and timeless
for all relevant situations (for example, the ban against drinking liquor as an
intoxicant).
Sharia also has certain laws which are extracted based on
principles established by Islamic lawyers and judges (Mujtahidun).
The
sharia as interpreted by Islamic
lawmakers is believed by Muslims to be merely a human approximation of the true
Sharia, which is understood as the divine and
eternal correct path.
In
deriving Sharia law, Islamic lawmakers are not, therefore, actually creating
divinely correct or incorrect
actions beyond question, but rather attempting to interpret divine principles.
Sharia in general is considered divine, but a lawyer's or judge's
extraction or opinion on a given matter is not.
Again the process and
intention of refering to the Law
of Allah is divinely sanctioned.
An Islamic lawyer or judge's
attempts to rule according to Sharia, can be described as 'ruling by Sharia',
but this ruling is not beyond question.
For Sunni Muslims, the primary
sources of Islamic law are the Qur'an, the Hadith or directions of the Islamic
prophet Muhammad ibn
'Abdullāh, the unanimity of Muhammad's disciples on a certain issue (ijma), and Qiyas
(drawing analogy from
the essence of divine
principles).
Qiyas - various forms of reasoning, including by
analogy - are used by
the law scholars (Mujtahidun) to deal with situations where the sources
provided no concrete rules.
The consensus of the community,
public interest, and others
were also accepted as secondary sources where the first four primary sources
allow.
In Imami-Shi'i law, the sources of law (usul al-fiqh) are the
Qur'an, anecdotes of Muhammad's practices and those of the 12 Imams, and
the intellect (aql).
The
practices called Sharia today, however, also have roots in local customs
(Al-urf).
Islamic jurisprudence is called fiqh and is
divided into two parts: the study of the sources and methodology (usul al-fiqh
- roots of the law) and the practical rules (furu' al-fiqh - branches of the
law).
The authority of Sharia is drawn from two primary sources, as
well as two secondary sources.
The first major source is the specific
guidance in the Qur'an, and the second source is the Sunnah,
literally the 'Way', i.e. the way that
Muhammad ibn
'Abdullāh lived his life.
(The compilation of all that
Muhammad ibn
'Abdullāh said, did or approved of is called the Hadith.)
A
lesser sources of authority is Qiyas, which is the extension by
analogy of
existing Sharia law to new
situations.
Finally, Sharia law can be based on ijma, or consensus.
Justification for this final approach is drawn from the Hadith where
Muhammad states; "My nation cannot agree on an error."
The role of ulema, i.e.
scholars, is critical, since they are the ones who study the Islamic law and
therefore have authority to represent it.
Sharia has largely been
codified by the schools (madhhabs) of Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh).
The
comprehensive nature of Sharia law is due to the belief that the law must
provide all that is necessary for individual spiritual and physical well-being.
All possible actions of a Muslim are divided (in principle) into five
categories: obligatory, meritorious, permissible, reprehensible, and forbidden.
Fundamental to the
obligations of every
Muslim are the Five Pillars of Islam.
Sharia is the social equal to
English common law, European civil law, Socialist law, Hindu law and the
Law of Moses.
The
most striking difference between Sharia law and English common law or European
civil law is that in both English common law and European civil law lawfully
executed and valid contracts can not be revised.
Under Sharia law if
one party to a contract feels the contract is unjust he may ask the Sharia law
authority to change the terms, modify or invalidate the contract on the grounds
that fairness and justice under Sharia law requires the equal enrichment of
both participants to the contractual obligation .
Crime and Islam Sharia requires a very high level of proof for the most serious
crimes and punishments.
If proof is not as specified then the crime must be considered a lesser
crime.
A major myth is that judges in Islamic nations have fixed
punishments for all crimes.
The judge under Sharia is not bound by precedents, rules, or prior
decisions as in English common law.
Hadd crimes, the most serious crimes
in Sharia law, are murder, apostasy,
making war upon Allah and His
messengers, theft, adultery, defamation,
false accusation of adultery or fornication, robbery and consumption of
intoxicants.
These are considered crimes against
Allah.
Tazir crimes are acts which are
punished because the offender disobeys the word and
Law of Allah.
Tazir
crimes are crimes against
society.
A Qesas crime is one of retaliation.
If you commit
a Qesas crime, the victim has a right to
seek retribution and retaliation.
The concept of retribution was
found in the first statutory "Code of
Hammurabi" and in the Law of Moses in the
form of "an eye for an eye."
Muslims add to that saying "but it is
better to forgive."
Contemporary common law is filled
with the assumptions of retribution.
The American justice system
has adopted a retribution model which sets fixed
punishments for each crime.
The American federal code contains "mandatory minimum" sentences for
drug dealing.
Many states have fixed
punishment for drug, violence
and the use of particular weapons.
Qesas crime is simple retribution: if
one commits a crime he knows what the
punishment will
be.
Diya has its roots in Islamic law and dates to the time of the
prophet Mohammad when there were many local families, tribes and clans.
The prophet Mohammad was able to convince several tribes to take a
monetary payment in retribution for damage to the clan or tribe.
Diya is
paid by the offender to the victim if he is
alive.
If the victim is dead,
the money is paid to the victim's family or to the victim's clan or tribe.
The assumption is that
victims will be compensated for their loss.
Under English common
law, the victim or family must sue the
offender in a civil tort action for damages.
Qesas law combines the
process of criminal and civil hearings into one, just as the "civil law" is
applied in many nations on Earth.
Qesas crimes are compensated as
restitution under common law and civil law.
Qesas crimes require
compensation for each crime committed.
Apostasy in Islam
In some interpretations
of an Islamic state, conversion by Muslims to other
religions is forbidden and is termed apostasy.
In Muslim
theology, apostasy resembles the crime of
treason, the betrayal of one's own country.
Penalties may include
ostracism or even execution if they live or have lived in an "Islamic State"
and are deemed enemies of the state.
By
analogy, in the age of
nation states, an individual who commits treason (turning state's secrets to a
foreign power, or spies for a foreign power, etc) is subject to severe penalty
- historically, death.
A well known example of a Muslim "apostate"
undergoing persecution is that of Salman Rushdie, whose
novel The Satanic Verses prompted
Khomeini to issue a fatwa (religious
opinion) for his execution.
Even though some suspect that Khomeini issued this fatwa more
because of the lampooning of Khomeini himself it could be argued that
Khomeini's motivation for issuing the fatwa is irrelevant as Rushdie's
apostasy was the formal ground for the imposition of the death
sentence.
"Some of us are
righteous, and some are less
than righteous; we follow
various paths.
We knew full well that we can never run away from Allah
on Earth and escape.
When we heard the guidance, we believed therein.
Anyone who believes in Allah will never fear any injustice, nor any
affliction.
Among us are the submitters, and among us are
the compromisers.
As for those who submitted, they are on
the right path.
As for the
compromisers, they will be fuel for Gehenna.
If they remain on the right path,
we will bless them with abundant water.
We will surely test them all.
As for him who disregards the message of Allah, Allah will direct him
to ever increasing retribution. "
Qur'an Jinn
72:11-17
Math
and Islam
"Mechanical methods can suggest the truth of
mathematical propositions, which
then may be rigorously proven by mathematical
methods."
Archimedes
"Mathematics is the bedrock upon which
the entire edifice of science
rests. To this day, every field of thought that presumes to the status of a
science turns to mathematics for validation, either directly or by implying
through hypertrophied technical jargon an exactitude of meaning that admits to
the methods of deductive reasoning." -
Charles
Eisenstein
Currently used
science and mathematics
depended upon the Arabic numeral system created or improved by Muslims.
Algebra was first fully developed by Al Khwarism, the "father of
algebra".
Al-Tusi is the "father of trigonometry".
Al-Khashi,
from Persia,
invented decimal fractions.
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author feels that the falsification of reality outside personal experience has
created a populace unable to discern propaganda from reality and that this has
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Religious intolerance occurs when any group refuses to tolerate religious
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buildings and in which each and every individual is encouraged to develop a
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