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יהןה made his first
covenant with
mankind in the time of
Noah.
יהןה asked Noah to
institute a social order that would
honor human life as
the image of יהןה.
The social order Noah
instituted is known as Noahide Law.
The seven Noahide laws as
traditionally enumerated are:
Do
not steal
Do not murder
Do not deny God
Do not
blaspheme God
Do not eat a living
animal
Do not engage in
illicit sexual acts
Establish courts/legal system to
ensure law and obedience
A Semite is a descendent of Shem, the
eldest son of Noah.
Adhering to these seven simple rules guarantees
peace in the community.
The Torah is traditionally accepted as the
literal word of יהןה as told to Moshe Rabbenu and
is accepted as the primary guide to the relationship between יהןה and
man.
The Torah is also known
as the Five Books of Moshe Rabbenu:
Genesis (Bereishit: "In the beginning...");
Exodus
(Shemot: "Names");
Leviticus (Vayikra: "And he called...");
Numbers
(Bamidbar: "In the wilderness...");
Deuteronomy
(Devarim: "Words", or "Discourses")
One Kabbalistic interpretation
is that the Torah constitutes one long name of יהןה broken up into words so that
human minds could understand it.
Criticism of the Torah is considered
to be both mistaken and
heretical which raises questions about the
Babylonian Hebrews exegesis.
| The Lord said
to Moses, "Make a snake and put it up
on a pole; anyone who is bitten can look at it and live. So Moses made a
bronze snake and put it up on a pole. Then when anyone was bitten by a snake
and looked at the bronze snake, they lived." - Numbers 21:8-9 |
Orthodox
Judaism holds that the Torah is the Oral Tradition written down.
The
Oral Tradition is
synonymous with Oral
Law.
Originally it was forbidden to write and publish the Oral Law,
as any writing would be incomplete and subject to misinterpretation.
To prevent the material from being lost,
the rabbis began to write down their Oral Tradition when living in Babylon
after the fall of Jerusalem.
The first major written work of
Rabbinic Judaism is the Mishnah.
Other writings that record details
of Oral Tradition are
called "baraita".
"Baraita" refers to teachings "outside" of the six
orders of the Mishnah.
The Tosefta is a later compendium of several
baraita collections.
What is now commonly titled Judaism is centered on
the rabbinical teachings of the Pharisees.
To understand the evolution
of what is called Judaism one must understand the history of rabbinical
teaching.
The first period of rabbinical teaching is termed "Zugot" - a
plural of two identical objects.
The Babylonian Talmud (Pesachim
109b-112a) contains an extensive discussion of dangers of zugot and of
performing various activities in pairs.
The discussants expressed belief
in a demonology and practices of sorcery from which protection was needed by
avoiding certain activities.
The period termed Zugot began when the
Jewish revolt, led by Judas Maccabaeus and Jonathan Maccabaeus, against the
Seleucid Empire succeeded.
The period termed Zugot lasted from the
founding of the Hasmonean Dynasty until the rise of the
Herodian Dynasty, a
vassal of the Roman Empire.
Herod the Great bolstered the
legitimacy of his reign by marrying a Hasmonean princess, Mariamne daughter of
Hyrcanus II, and assured himself
the throne with the murder of the last male Hasmonean
heir.
With the rise of the independent
Judean state under Simon
Maccabeus of the Hasmoneans, the nature of Judaism changed from theocracy
based on the natural moral
order with priests intrepreting the Will of God into a nomocracy with a list
of do's and dont's.
Simon Maccabeus of the Hasmoneans reigned from 142
BC to 135 BC.
It is here that an irrevocably splintering of traditional
Judaic thought, taught by Moshe
Rabbenu as Mosiac Law, occurs.
The Pharisees, proponents of
the exegesis of the Mishnah, argue
with God.
The
Sadducees, the high priest sect of the Hasmonean dynasty, embrace
the ponerology of being the most
perfect righteous Ones - the Zaddikim.
In
a theocracy a 'god' or
'deity', recognized as the supreme civil ruler, is represented either in
a personal incarnation or, more
often, via religious institutional
representatives.
A nomocracy is a social
cultural system in which the ultimate and final authority (sovereignty) rests
in a system of law - as in the Mishnah.
The change from theocracy to
nomocracy reflected a radical transformation from the rule of the
Hebrew community by
יהןה through the High Priest, to
rule of the community through the
judicial and legislative discourse of the Supreme Court.
The High
Priest, the Kohen Gadol, went from being the supreme legal and spiritual
authority to a figurehead who ruled in the Temple but was still subservient to
the Supreme Court.
From this time on Alexandrian Hebrew Rabbinic sages,
the Pharisees, interpret and
reinterpret the Oral Torah or
Oral Tradition.
The Tannaim were rabbinic sages
whose opinions are recorded in the Mishnah, the first written collection of
existing Oral Tradition(70 - 200
AD).
The Mishnah is considered to be the first important work of
Rabbinic Judaism and is the foundational source of later rabbinic religious
thought.
Rabbinic
interpretations of
the Mishnah over the next three centuries are redacted as the Gemara by the
Amoraim in both Jerusalem and Babylon.
Compilation of rabbinic commentaries,
the Gemara, gave rise to the Talmud.
The Saboraim definitively
edited Talmud and the task of the Geonim was to
interpret the Talmud and render legal
decisions in agreement with teachings.
The Geonim decided issues on
which no ruling had been rendered before the Talmud was assembled.
Nearly all rabbinic interpretation and commentary concerns
specifying what behavior is
sanctioned by the interpretations and what
rituals must be performed to
satisfy those interpretations.
This body of
interpretations is
called halakha (the
Way).
Moses Maimonides codified the Talmud in the Mishnah listing
the 613 mitzvot (commandments) paraphrased in the preface.
The opinions
of the Talmudic rabbis are divided between those who seek the purpose of the
mitzvot and those who do not question them.
The former argue that if
the reason for each mitzvah could be determined, people might try to achieve
what they see as the purpose of the mitzvah, without actually performing the
mitzvah itself.
The Babylonian Talmud, along
with the numerological and astrological elements of the
Kabbalah, became preeminent and was the
form of Judaism accepted by the Yiddish Khazar Ashkenazi
Russian/German Jews.
"Anti-Semitism
is so instinctive that it may quite simply be called one of the primal
instincts by which the race helps to preserve itself against total
destruction.
I cannot emphasize the matter too strongly.
"AntiSemitism
is not, as the Jews have tried to make the world believe,
an active prejudice.
It is a deeply hidden instinct with which every man is born.
He
remains unconscious of it, as
of all other instincts of self-preservation, until
something happens to awaken
it." - Samuel
Roth*
Those who practice what has been conveniently titled
Judaism come from three distinct cultural groups -
Sephardic Iberian Peninsula
Jews, Semitic Mizrahi Jews and the Yiddish Khazar Eastern European
Jews.
There is two groups that title its religion Judaic that reject the
Talmud - the Karites and Black Ethiopian Jews.
"Crimean Karaims are
people of Türk(ic) descent who have adopted Karaism. Karaism is Mosaism,
an independent, non sectarian, monotheistic
religion of Abraham." - Mehmet Tütüncü
Karites are
a needle group of the
Türkish Khazar Empire.
Black Ethiopian
Jews and Ethiopian Coptic
Christians are Semites.
Karaite Judaism or Karaism is a Jewish
movement orginating on the Crimean
Pennisula characterized by the recognition of the Tanakh as its scripture,
and the rejection of rabbinic Judaism, the Mishnah and the Talmud as binding.
When interpreting the Tanakh, Karaites strive to adhere to the plain
meaning (p'shat) of the text.
This is in stark contrast to rabbinical
Judaism, which employs the methods of p'shat, remez (implication or clue),
drash ("deep
interpretation," based on breaking down individual words, e.g., breaking
down "be'ra'shit" to "beit" "ra'shit", which means two startings of) and sod
("secret," the deeper
meaning of the text, drawing on the Kabbalah).
The Torah
("Teaching," also known as the Five Books of Moshe Rabbenu), Nevi'im
("Prophets") and Ketuvim ("Writings") - hence TaNaKh.
The elements of the Tanakh are
incorporated in various forms in Christian Bibles, with some variations, as the
"Old Testament."
In modern times Karaite Judaism has formed its own
independent Jewish organization, and is not a member of any rabbinic
organization.
Semites are
the descendants of Noah's son Shem and are defined as any member of any of
various ancient and modern peoples originating in Middle East and northern
Africa, including the Akkadians,
Canaanites, Arameans, Phoenicians,
Babylonians, Carthaginians, Ethiopians, Hebrews,
Palestinians.
Mizrahi Jews are true Semitic Jews
descended from local Jewish communities of the Middle East from biblical times.
To be antiSemitic one
must hate the descendants of Noah's son Shem.
Those that denigrate
Palestinians, Arabs or Ethiopians are antiSemites.
The Khazars, a Caucasian-Mongolian
race later mixed with Aryans, are not Semitic people of
Israel.
Black Ethiopian Judaism tradition goes no further than the
Torah.
Ethiopian Jews do not recognize the Talmud
and other commentaries that form the basis of modern Talmudic traditions.
For this reason the Black Ethiopian Jews are forbidden to perform
marriages, funerals and other services
in the state of Israel.
The state of
Israel is not a Judaic state -
it is a Zionist
state.
The
Israelis routinely assassinate Palestinians they believe to be leaders.
Many times this targeting
kills innocent children.
This
is an attempt to live up to the Pauline myth.
The Israelis also
routinely murder non-violent peace activists such as
Rachel Corrie, crushed by a
bulldozer, documentary film maker James Miller, shot through the neck and
Reuters cameraman Fadel Shana
killed by a flechette shell fired by an Israeli tank.
"Hear the
word of the Lord, O people of Israel!
The Lord has brought charges
against you, saying:
"There is no
faithfulness, no
kindness, no knowledge of God in your
land.
You make vows and break them; you kill and steal and commit
adultery.
There is violence everywhere- one murder after another.
That is why your land is in mourning, and everyone is wasting
away.
Even the wild animals, the birds of the sky, and the fish of the
sea are disappearing.
"Don't point your finger at someone else and try
to pass the blame!
My complaint, O priests, is with you.
So you will stumble in broad daylight, and
your false prophets will fall with you in the night.
And I will
destroy Israel, your mother.
My people are being destroyed because they
don't know me.
Since you priests refuse to know me, I refuse to
recognize you as my priests.
Since you have
forgotten the laws of your God, I
will forget to bless your children." - Hosea 4:1-6
"What emerged for
me, from the study of the first chapters of the Talmud was the discovery that
the main stream of Talmudic thought is permeated by the
genetic spiritual
superiority of Jews over gentiles, disconcertingly reminiscent of racist
notions of our time.
Living in Israel for the past twenty years in a
Jewish
majority that is no more
sensitive to the feelings of minorities within it than gentile majorities are,
I have come to realize the vitality of Jewish racist notions, and I am more
than ever convinced that the hold will have on this and future generations will
be gravely impaired unless these notions are neutralized by an internal
reordering of traditional values." - Moshe Greenberg*
"The problem is Israel wants more land than
it has right to and is willing to lead America into global conflicts to gain
it." - Bob Daly 01/07 |
13 principles of faith
God's
unity
God's eternity
The
existence of God
The resurrection of the dead.
The coming of the Jewish
Messiah
Revelation through God's
prophets
God's spirituality and
incorporeality
Reward of social good and retribution of
evil
God's foreknowledge of human
actions
God alone is to be
the object of worship
God's
law given on Mount Sinai to Moshe Rabbenu
The preeminence of Moshe
Rabbenu among the prophets
The immutability of the Torah as
God's Law
Rambam
Orthodox Judaism or
PhariseeismOrthodox Judaism adheres to
a relatively strict
interpretation and application of the laws first canonized in the Talmudic
texts and as subsequently developed and applied by the later authorities known
as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and Acharonim.
Orthodox Judaism is
characterized by belief that the Torah and its laws are Divine, were
transmitted by Yahweh to Moshe
Rabbenu.
These laws are eternal, and are unalterable.
There
is an Oral Law, which contains authoritative interpretation of
the written legal sections of the Torah known only to
documented rabbis.
This Oral Law is Divine by virtue of having been
transmitted in some form by Yahweh to Moshe Rabbenu along with the Written Law,
as embodied in the Talmud, Midrash, and
innumerable related texts, all
intrinsically and inherently entwined with the written law of the Torah.
Yahweh made an exclusive,
unbreakable covenant with the
Children of Israel to be governed by the Torah through
Hebrew
eschatology.
Adherence to Halakha, or Jewish law, is required
including acceptance of codes, mainly the Shulchan Aruch, as authoritative
practical guidance in application of both the written and oral laws, as well as
acceptance of halakha-following Rabbis as authoritative interpreters and judges
of Jewish law.
Orthodox beliefs may be most found in their adherence to
the thirteen Jewish principles of faith as stated by the
Maimonides.
Rabbi
To be a rabbi one must be taught by another rabbi who then gives the
acolyte a document that states he has been taught to be a
rabbi.
The Torah
distinguishes between an animal that gores unexpectedly and an animal that is a
habitual gorer.
In the former case, the owner loses his animal, a very
valuable possession.
This may be a way to allow the community to vent
their rage at the animal who kills and act as corporate executioner by engaging
in controlled mob violence.
The offending animal is killed if by
accident but if the animal is a habitual gorer, the owner is executed as
well.
This suggests an owner should never ransom his animal by offering
a sacrificial replacement value to redeem his oxen.
Babylonian code never requires
killing as oxen are considered more valuable than freemen.
The
difference is grounded in the gravity with which the Torah views homicide:
according to Numbers 35:33, killing a person pollutes the land with bloodshed
and so endangers those who reside there unless the murderer is
executed. |
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Religious intolerance occurs when any group refuses to tolerate religious
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encouraged to develop a personal relation with the Creator and Sustainer
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