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יהןה made his first
covenant with
mankind in the time of
Noah.
יהןה asked Noah to
institute a social order that would
honor human life as
the image of יהןה.
The social order Noah
instituted is known as Noahide Law.
The seven Noahide laws as
traditionally enumerated are:
Do
not steal
Do not murder
Do not deny God
Do not
blaspheme God
Do not eat a living
animal
Do not engage in
illicit sexual acts
Establish courts/legal system to
ensure law and obedience
A Semite is a descendent of Shem, the
eldest son of Noah.
Adhering to these seven simple rules guarantees
peace in the community.
The Torah is
traditionally accepted as the literal word
of יהןה as told to Moshe
Rabbenu and is accepted as the primary guide to the relationship between
יהןה and
man.
The Torah includes the
Five Books of Moshe Rabbenu:
Genesis (Bereshit: "In the beginning...");
Exodus (Shemot:
"Names");
Leviticus (Vayikra: "And he
called...");
Numbers (Bamidbar: "In the
wilderness...");
Deuteronomy (Devarim:
"Words", or "Discourses");
along with Nevi'im ("Prophets") and Ketuvim ("Writings") -
hence TaNaKh.
One Kabbalistic
interpretation is that
the Torah constitutes one long name of יהןה broken up into words so that
human minds could understand it.
Criticism of the Torah is considered
to be both mistaken and
heretical which raises
questions about the Babylonian Hebrews exegesis.
| The Lord said
to Moses, "Make a snake and put it up
on a pole; anyone who is bitten can look at it and live. So Moses made a
bronze snake and put it up on a pole. Then when anyone was bitten by a snake
and looked at the bronze snake, they lived." - Numbers 21:8-9 |
Orthodox Judaism holds
that the Torah is the Oral Tradition written down.
The
Oral Tradition is synonymous with
Oral
Law.
Originally it was forbidden to write and publish the Oral Law,
as any writing would be incomplete and subject to misinterpretation.
To prevent the material from being lost,
the rabbis began to write down their Oral Tradition when living in Babylon
after the fall of Jerusalem.
The first major written work of
Rabbinic Judaism is the Mishnah.
Other writings that record details
of Oral Tradition are
called "baraita".
"Baraita" refers to teachings "outside" of the six
orders of the Mishnah.
The Tosefta is a later compendium of several
baraita collections.
What is now commonly titled Judaism is centered
on the rabbinical teachings of the Pharisees.
To understand the
evolution of what is called Judaism one must understand the history of
rabbinical teaching.
The first period of rabbinical teaching is termed
"Zugot" - a plural of two identical objects.
The Babylonian Talmud
(Pesachim 109b-112a) contains an extensive discussion of dangers of zugot and
of performing various activities in pairs.
The discussants expressed belief
in a demonology and practices of sorcery from which protection was needed by
avoiding certain activities.
The period termed Zugot began when the
Jewish revolt, led by Judas Maccabaeus and Jonathan Maccabaeus, against the
Seleucid Empire succeeded.
The period termed Zugot lasted from the
founding of the Hasmonean
Dynasty until the rise of the Herodian Dynasty, a vassal of the
Roman Empire.
Herod bolstered the
legitimacy of his reign by marrying a Hasmonean princess, Mariamne daughter of
Hyrcanus II, and assured himself
the throne with the murder of the last male Hasmonean
heir.
With the rise of the independent
Judean state under Simon
Maccabeus of the Hasmoneans, the nature of Judaism changed from theocracy
based on the natural moral order
with priests intrepreting the Will of
God into a nomocracy with a list of do's and dont's.
Simon Maccabeus
of the Hasmoneans reigned from 142 BC to 135 BC.
It is here that an
irrevocably splintering of traditional Judaic thought, taught by
Moshe Rabbenu as Mosiac Law,
occurs.
The Pharisees,
proponents of the exegesis of the Mishnah,
argue with God.
The Sadducees, the high priest sect
of the Hasmonean dynasty, embrace
the ponerology of being the most
perfect righteous Ones - the Zaddikim.
In
a theocracy a 'god' or
'deity', recognized as the supreme civil ruler, is represented either in
a personal incarnation or, more
often, via religious institutional
representatives.
A nomocracy is a social
cultural system in which the ultimate and final authority (sovereignty) rests
in a system of law - as in the Mishnah.
The change from theocracy to
nomocracy reflected a radical transformation from the rule of the
Hebrew community by
יהןה through the
High Priest, to
rule of the community through the judicial and legislative
discourse of the Supreme Court.
The High Priest, the Kohen Gadol,
went from being the supreme legal and spiritual authority to a figurehead who
ruled in the Temple but was still subservient to the Supreme Court.
From
this time on Alexandrian Hebrew Rabbinic sages,
the Pharisees, interpret and
reinterpret the Oral Torah or
Oral Tradition.
The Tannaim were rabbinic sages
whose opinions are recorded in the Mishnah, the first written collection of
existing Oral Tradition(70 - 200 AD).
The Mishnah is considered to be
the first important work of Rabbinic Judaism and is the foundational source of
later rabbinic religious thought.
Rabbinic
interpretations of
the Mishnah over the next three centuries are redacted as the Gemara by the
Amoraim in both Jerusalem and Babylon.
Compilation of rabbinic commentaries,
the Gemara, gave rise to the Talmud.
The Saboraim definitively
edited Talmud and the task of the Geonim was to
interpret the Talmud and render legal
decisions in agreement with teachings.
The Geonim decided issues on
which no ruling had been rendered before the Talmud was assembled.
Nearly all rabbinic interpretation and commentary concerns
specifying what behavior is
sanctioned by the interpretations and what
rituals must be performed to satisfy those
interpretations.
This body of
interpretations is
called halakha (the Way).
Moses
Maimonides codified the Talmud in the Mishnah listing the 613 mitzvot
(commandments) paraphrased in the preface.
The opinions of the Talmudic
rabbis are divided between those who seek the purpose of the mitzvot and those
who do not question them.
The former argue that if the reason for each
mitzvah could be determined, people might try to achieve what they see as the
purpose of the mitzvah, without actually performing the mitzvah
itself.
The Babylonian Talmud, along
with the numerological and astrological elements of the
Kabbalah, became preeminent and was the
form of Judaism accepted by the Yiddish Khwārezm Ashkenazi
Russian/German Jews.
"Anti-Semitism
is so instinctive that it may quite simply be called one of the primal
instincts by which the race helps to preserve itself against total
destruction.
I cannot emphasize the matter too strongly.
"AntiSemitism
is not, as the Jews have tried to make the world believe,
an active prejudice.
It is a deeply hidden instinct with which every man is born.
He
remains unconscious of it, as
of all other instincts of self-preservation, until something happens
to awaken it." -
Samuel
Roth*
Those who practice what has been
conveniently titled Judaism come from three distinct cultural groups -
Sephardic Iberian Peninsula
Jews, Semitic Mizrahi
Jews and the Yiddish
Khwārezm Eastern European Jews.
There is
two groups that title its religion Judaic that reject the Talmud - the Karites
and Black Ethiopian Jews.
"Crimean Karaims are people of Türk(ic)
descent who have adopted Karaism. Karaism is Mosaism, an independent, non
sectarian, monotheistic religion of
Abraham." - Mehmet Tütüncü
Karites are
a needle group of the
Türkish Khwārezm
Empire.
Black
Ethiopian Jews and Ethiopian Coptic Christians
are Semites.
The Tanakh is the Hebrew Bible, the
canonical collection of Jewish texts, which is also the textual source for most
of the Septuagint.
Hebrews
enjoyed word games, abbreviations and acronyms - hence TaNaKh.
Karaite Judaism
or Karaism is a Jewish movement orginating on the Crimean Pennisula
characterized by the recognition of the Tanakh as its scripture, and the
rejection of rabbinic Judaism, the Mishnah and the Talmud as binding.
When interpreting the Tanakh, Karaites strive to adhere to the plain
meaning (p'shat) of the text.
This is in stark contrast to rabbinical
Judaism, which employs the methods of p'shat, remez (implication or clue),
drash ("deep
interpretation," based on breaking down individual words, e.g., breaking
down "be'ra'shit" to "beit" "ra'shit", which means two startings of) and sod
("secret," the deeper
meaning of the text, drawing on the Kabbalah).
The elements of the
Tanakh are incorporated in various forms in Christian Bibles, with some
variations, as the "Old Testament."
In modern times Karaite Judaism has
formed its own independent Jewish organization, and is not a member of any
rabbinic organization.
Semites are
the descendants of Noah's son Shem and are defined as any member of any of
various ancient and modern peoples originating in
Middle East and
North Africa, including
the Akkadians, Canaanites,
Arameans, Phoenicians, Babylonians, Carthaginians, Ethiopians, Hebrews,
Palestinians.
Mizrahi Jews are true Semitic Jews
descended from local Jewish communities of the Middle East from biblical times.
To be antiSemitic one
must hate the descendants of Noah's son Shem.
Those that denigrate
Palestinians, Arabs or Ethiopians are antiSemites.
The Khwārezm, a
Caucasian-Mongolian race later mixed with Aryans, are not Semitic people of
Israel.
Black Ethiopian Judaism tradition goes no further than the
Torah.
Ethiopian Jews do not recognize the Talmud
and other commentaries that form the basis of modern Talmudic traditions.
For this reason the Black Ethiopian Jews are forbidden to perform
marriages, funerals and other
services in the state of Israel.
The state of
Israel is not a Judaic state -
it is a Zionist
state.
The Israelis routinely
assassinate Palestinians they believe to be leaders.
Many times this targeting kills
innocent children.
This is an
attempt to live up to the Pauline myth.
The Israelis also routinely
murder non-violent peace activists such as
Rachel Corrie, crushed by a
bulldozer, documentary film maker James Miller, shot through the neck and
Reuters cameraman Fadel Shana
killed by a flechette shell fired by an Israeli tank.
"Hear the
word of the Lord, O people of Israel!
The Lord has brought charges
against you, saying:
"There is no
faithfulness, no
kindness, no knowledge of God in your
land.
You make vows and break them; you kill and steal and commit
adultery.
There is violence everywhere- one murder after another.
That is why your land is in mourning, and everyone is wasting
away.
Even the wild animals, the birds of the sky, and the fish of the
sea are disappearing.
"Don't point your finger at someone else and try
to pass the blame!
My complaint, O priests, is with you.
So you will stumble in broad daylight, and
your false prophets will fall with you in the night.
And I will
destroy Israel, your mother.
My people are being destroyed because they
don't know me.
Since you priests refuse to know me, I refuse to
recognize you as my priests.
Since you have
forgotten the laws of your God, I
will forget to bless your children." - Hosea 4:1-6
"What emerged for me, from the study of the first chapters
of the Talmud was the discovery that the main
stream of Talmudic thought is permeated by the
genetic spiritual
superiority of Jews over gentiles, disconcertingly reminiscent of racist
notions of our time.
Living in Israel for the past twenty years in a
Jewish
majority that is no more
sensitive to the feelings of minorities within it than gentile majorities are,
I have come to realize the vitality of Jewish racist notions.
I am
more than ever convinced that the hold will have on this and
future generations will be gravely
impaired unless these notions are neutralized by an internal reordering of
traditional values." - Moshe Greenberg*
13 principles of faith
God's
unity
God's eternity
The
existence of God
The resurrection of the dead.
The coming of the Jewish
Messiah
Revelation through
God's prophets
God's
spirituality and incorporeality
Reward of social good and
retribution of evil
God's
foreknowledge of human actions
God alone is to be the object of
worship
God's law given on
Mount Sinai to Moshe Rabbenu
The preeminence of Moshe Rabbenu among
the prophets
The immutability of the Torah as
God's Law
Rambam (Moses
Maimonides)
Orthodox Judaism or Phariseeism
Orthodox Judaism adheres to
a relatively strict
interpretation and application of the laws first canonized in the Talmudic
texts and as subsequently developed and applied by the later authorities known
as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and Acharonim.
Orthodox Judaism is
characterized by belief that the Torah and its laws are Divine, were
transmitted by Yahweh to Moshe
Rabbenu.
These laws are eternal, and are unalterable.
There
is an Oral Law, which contains authoritative interpretation of the written
legal sections of the Torah known only to documented
rabbis.
This Oral Law is Divine by virtue of having been
transmitted in some form by Yahweh to Moshe Rabbenu along
with the Written Law, as embodied in the Talmud,
Midrash, and
innumerable related texts, all
intrinsically and inherently entwined with the written law of the Torah.
Yahweh made an exclusive,
unbreakable covenant with the
Children of Israel to be governed by the Torah through
Hebrew
eschatology.
Adherence to Halakha, or Jewish law, is required
including acceptance of codes, mainly the Shulchan Aruch, as authoritative
practical guidance in application of both the written and oral laws, as well as
acceptance of halakha-following Rabbis as authoritative interpreters and judges
of Jewish law.
Orthodox beliefs may be most found in their adherence to
the thirteen Jewish principles of faith as stated by the
Maimonides.
Rabbi
To be a rabbi one must be taught by another rabbi who then gives the
acolyte a document that states he has been taught to be a
rabbi.
The Torah
distinguishes between an animal that gores unexpectedly and an animal that is a
habitual gorer.
In the former case, the owner loses his animal, a very
valuable possession.
This may be a way to allow the community to vent
their rage at the animal who kills and act as corporate executioner by engaging
in controlled mob violence.
The offending animal is killed if by
accident but if the animal is a habitual gorer, the owner is executed as
well.
This suggests an owner should never ransom his animal by offering
a sacrificial replacement value to redeem his oxen.
Babylonian code never requires
killing as oxen are considered more valuable than freemen.
The
difference is grounded in the gravity with which the Torah views homicide:
according to Numbers 35:33, killing a person pollutes the land with bloodshed
and so endangers those who reside there unless the murderer is
executed. |
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encouraged to develop a personal relation with the Creator and Sustainer
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