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Hippocratic Oath
I swear by Apollo, Æsculapius the Physician, Hygieia and
Panacea with all the gods and goddesses as my witnesses, that, according to my
highest ability and best judgement, I will keep this contractual Oath:
To hold him who taught
me this art equally dear to me as my parents, to be a partner in life with
him, and to serve him as son serves father;
To look upon his offspring
as equals to my own siblings, and to teach them this art, if they shall
wish to learn it, without
fee;
That by every mode of
instruction I will impart a knowledge of this art to my own sons and to
students having sworn this Oath to the law of medicine.
I will use dietary regimens
which will benefit my patients according to my greatest ability and
judgement, and I will do no harm or injustice to them.
I will not
give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan;
and similarly I will not give
a woman a pessary to cause an abortion.
In
purity and according to
divine law will I carry out my life and my art.
I will not use the
knife, even upon those suffering from stones.
I practice my art for the
benefit of the sick, avoiding any voluntary act of impropriety or corruption,
including the seduction of women or men.
Whatever I see or
hear in the lives of my patients, whether in connection with my practice or
not I will keep secret considering them as private.
As I maintain this
Oath faithfully practicing of my
art may it be granted to me to
partake of life fully
by gaining the respect of all men for
all time.
Should I transgress this Oath and violate it, may the
opposite be my
fate.
One of the
most promising areas of current cannabinoid research is the ability of these
compounds to control the cell survival/death decision.
Thus cannabinoids
may induce proliferation, growth arrest, or apoptosis in a number of cells,
including neurons, lymphocytes, and mutated
cells.
Regarding the central nervous system, most of the experimental
evidence indicates that cannabinoids may
protect neurons from toxic
insults such as glutamaergic overstimulation, ischemia and oxidative
damage.
In contrast, cannabinoids induce apoptosis of glioma cells in
culture and regression of malignant gliomas in vivo.
Breast and
prostate cancer cells are also sensitive to cannabinoid-induced
antiproliferation.
High doses of cannabinoids usually induce growth
arrest or apoptosis.
The neuroprotective effect of cannabinoids may
have potential clinical relevance for the treatment of
neurodegenerative
disorders such as multiple sclerosis,
Parkinson' disease, and
ischemia/stroke, whereas their growth-inhibiting action on mutated cells might
be useful for the management of
malignant brain
tumors. |
Scientific
evidence shows that cannabis can provide
symptomatic relief in
several neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis,
Huntington',
Parkinson' and
Alzheimer' diseases, and
amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis.
These findings imply a hypofunction or a dysregulation
of the endocannabinoid system may be responsible for some of the symptoms of
these diseases.
Moreover, given the abundance of
CB1 receptors in areas
associated with movement and executive thought,
observers interest has often
focused on endocannabinoid levels in patients with motor degenerative
disorders.
The two main
endocannabinoids involved are AEA
and 2-AG.
With pharmacological properties initially considered similar
as the molecules were believed to be mutually exchangeable and
indistinguishable in the regulation of synaptic functions, synaptic plasticity
and in behavioral aspects, such as
learning,
memory,
reward,
addiction,
antinociception,
and anxiety.
AEA
and 2-AG, possessing specific pharmacological properties, engage varied forms
of synaptic plasticity being involved in divergent behavioral
functions. |
Cellular
targets of regenerative pharmacotherapeutical approaches, mesenchymal stem
cells (MSCs) have gained considerable interest due to their multilineage
properties and thus their ability to support healing processes of the injured
myocardium, injured spots of the eye as well as disrupted bone
tissue.
Our findings demonstrating a promigratory impact of THC are in
line with several recent studies indicating cannabinoid compounds support the
migration of regenerative cell types to sites of tissue damage.
Although
MSCs were described to respond heterogeneously to different inputs such as
pharmacological challenges, initial experiments revealed a relatively
consistent promigratory impact of THC that approximately ranged between a 3- to
4.9-fold stimulation.
These analyses emerged the enhancement of
migration as a rather stable and reproducible response of MSCs to
THC. |
The
Therapeutae called
their tradition "The Way".
The term
Therapeutae occurs in relation
to followers of Æsculapius
at Pergamon and in relation to worshippers of
Serapis in inscriptions at Delos.
The Therapeutae of
Æsculapius were a recognized and designated association in antiquity that
included the physicians, their attendants and support staff, in the larger
temples of Æsculapius.
These healing temples (hospitals) were known as
Æsclepeions.
Examples of famous
Therapeutae of
Æsculapius between 300 BC and 300 AD include Hippocrates, Apollonius
of Tyana, Ælius Aristides and Galen.
The 4th century Christian
historian, Eusebius claimed that the Therapeutae were the first followers of
the "historical Jesus the
Christ."
The Cynic school of Gnosticism called their
tradition "The Way" also.
Unlike
the Greek and Roman ways
of dealing with the sick or feeble,
usually killing as demon
possession was irreversible Celtic Law stipulated that the best possible
care was to be provided to the sick, injured, feeble or elderly.
Physicians, held accountable, strove to provide "a painless examination
with a complete cure leaving no blemish."
The Greeks strove to "do no
harm"… the Celts "left no scar"!
A negligent or unskilled physician
who caused harm would be required to pay hefty fines based on the nature of the
damage.
Soap, invented by Celts, made
cleanliness a must in Celtic
healing places.
Physicians,
required to have three apprentices, used ritual
healing baths and sweat houses to
increase circulation with
diseases such as rheumatism.
Druids, like
Native Americans, used sweathouses to receive visions.
Dian Cecht, the
Physician of the Tuatha De Dannann, taught there were 13 doors to the soul in
the human body.
The existence
and the intensity of
possible
long-term adverse effects on psyche and cognition,
immune system,
fertility and pregnancy are reported to be low in humans and do not preclude
legitimate therapeutic use of cannabis-based drugs.
Properties of
cannabis that might be of therapeutic use include analgesia, muscle relaxation,
immunosuppression, sedation, improvement of mood, stimulation of appetite,
antiemesis, lowering of intraocular pressure, bronchodilation, neuroprotection
and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. |
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Neuromodulation of
synapses by cannabinoids makes them potential targets as medical preparations
in a variety of illnesses, including mental disorders and
neurodegenerative illnesses.
Cannabis contains substances with affinity for the cannabinoid
receptors.
The endocannabinoids are a family of
lipid
neurotransmitters that engage the same membrane receptors targeted by
tetrahydrocannabinol and that mediate retrograde signal from postsynaptic
neurons to presynaptic ones. |
Cannabis
sativa contains over 100 phytocannabinoid (pCB) compounds and has been used for
thousands of years for both recreational and medicinal purposes.
Endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) system central CB1 receptors by
the major pCB, Δ9tetrahydrocannabinol ( Δ9THC)
as the primary mediator of the psychoactive, hyperphagic and of the potentially
therapeutic properties of ingested cannabis.
Δ9THC,
most widely studied pCB, is the predominant psychotropic component.
pCBs including cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabidivarin
(CBDV) and Δ9tetrahydrocannabivarin ( Δ9THCV)
show potential as therapeutic agents in preclinical models of central nervous
system disease.
Non- Δ9THC pCBs act on a range of
targets, not solely limited to CB receptors.
Disorders that could be targeted include
epilepsy,
neurodegenerative
diseases, affective disorders and the central modulation of feeding
behavior. |
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reason which requires no leap of faith, accepts no tithes, has no supreme
leader, no church buildings and in which each and every individual is
encouraged to develop a pers∞nal relati∞n with Æ∞n
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