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Mystical Eastern philosophies
Current understanding of physics
leads down a path which is mystical.
Physics returns to the Beginning.
Beginning with mystical
philosophy knowledge unfolds in a development of
intellectual thought that
increasingly turned away from its
mystical origins.
Western science is finally
accepting the value of Eastern philosophies.
Proof is based on
intuition along with experiments
of great precision and sophistication using
a rigorous and consistent mathematical
formalism.
The roots of physics is found in the first period of
Greek philosophy in the sixth
century BC, in a culture where
philosophy and religion
are unified.
The sages of the Milesian school in Ionia were concerned
with the essential
nature, or real
construction of things which they called "physis."
The term
"physics" is derived from this Greek word and originally refers to the endeavor
of peering deeply into the
essential
nature of all things.
The Milesians hylozoists, "those who think
matter is alive,"
saw no
distinction between animate and inanimate,
spirit and matter.
As all forms of
existence are manifestations of the "physis," endowed with life and
spirituality, there was no word for matter.
Thales declared all things to be full
of gods.
Anaximander saw reality as
a category of organism
which was supported by "pneuma" in the same way the
human body is supported by air.
Milesian philosophy paralleled ancient
Indian and Chinese philosophy crystallizing in the philosophy of
Heraclitus of
Ephesus.
Heraclitus believed
in a reality of perpetual
change, of Eternal Creation.
To Heraclitus all static existence was
a deception as his first principle was
fire; a symbol for the continuous
flow and change of all things.
Heraclitus taught reality arises
from dynamic cyclic interplay of
opposites.
Heraclitus saw any
pair of opposites as a unity.
Unity, containing and
transcending all opposing forces, is the
Logos.
The split
of this unity began with the Eleatic school of thought, which assumed
a divine principle
standing above all gods and men.
This principle,
identified with
unity, first El, then
Yahweh and finally
Æon.
Yahweh led,
ultimately, to the
separation of spirit and matter and to a
dualism which became
characteristic of Western philosophy.
In opposition to Heraclitus,
Parmenides of Elea was a monotheist.
Parmenides
conceptualized existence as unique and invariable.
Parmenides regarded
changes perceived as mere illusions of the
senses.
This is the foundational concept of an indestructible
substance.
In the fifth century BC, Greek philosophers attempted to
overcome the sharp contrast between the views of Parmenides and Heraclitus.
To reconcile the Static
Ideal of Parmenides with the
Eternal Creation of
Heraclitus, they assumed existence is manifest in invariable substances, the
mixture and separation of which gives rise to the
changes witnessed.
This led to the concept of the
Atom, the smallest indivisible unit of matter.
Atoms are found in
the philosophy of Ieucippus and Democritus.
The Greek atomists drew a
line between spirit, that which
animated matter and matter,
picturing matter as being made of "basic building
blocks."
Purely
passive and intrinsically dead particles moving in the ether.
The cause of their motion was associated with
external forces which were
assumed to be of spiritual
origin and fundamentally different from
matter.
In subsequent centuries, this image became an essential
element of Western thought, of the dualism between
mind and matter, between
body and soul.
The scientific knowledge of the
Magians,
systematized and organized by
Aristotle, became the foundation
of the Western worldview of
reality.
Aristotle pursued questions concerning the
Eternal Soul.
The Aristotelian model, supported by the
Roman Catholic church as
orthodox doctrine, remained unchallenged throughout the
Middle
Ages.
Galileo Galilei
first used mathematics to decribe empirical observations.
Rene Descartes the formulates
Cartesian split
- separate independent realms:
that of mind (res
cogitans), and that of matter
(res extensa).
The Cartesian division
deludes us into seeing the
material world as a multitude of different objects assembled in a huge
clockwork machine.
After
Isaac Newton constructed his
mechanistic worldview it immediately
infiltrated the intellectual fields of politics and economics.
The
rational dissociative state of
consciousness used by the Cartesian division and
mechanistic worldview
is both beneficial and
detrimental.
This
rational dissociative state of
consciousness advanced the development of
classical physics and
technology, but has
many adverse consequences.
Quantum
mechanics turns the Cartesian division and
mechanistic worldview inside
out overcoming fragmentation
as it leads back to unity.
Our tendency to
divide perceived reality into
individual and separate things and to experience ourselves as isolated egos
is an illusion which comes from
our measuring and categorizing mentality.
It is called avidya, or ignorance, in
Buddhist philosophy, and is
seen as the state of a
disturbed mind which has to be overcome:
When the mind is
disturbed,
the multiplicity of things is produced,
but when the
mind is quieted,
the multiplicity of things
disappears.
Eastern mysticism emphasizes
the basic unity of the universe.
Eastern mysticism informs -
Hindus - Buddhists -
Taoists - to become
aware of
the unity and mutual interrelation
of all things - to transcend
the notion of an isolated
individual self and to identify
self with quantum reality.
Emergence of
Awareness - also known as 'enlightenment' - is
an experience which involves the whole individual and is
religious in its
ultimate nature.
Eastern philosophies are
essentially religious
philosophies.
The division
of nature into separate objects is not fundamental in the Eastern worldview
as objects have a fluid
ever-changing character.
Essential features of the Eastern worldview
are time and
change.
The cosmos is seen as one
inseparable reality forever in motion.
A divine principle,
an intrinsic property of matter, controls
everything:
He who, dwelling
in all things,
yet is other than all things,
whom all
things do not know,
whose body
all things are,
who controls all things from within
he is
your controller, your Eternal Soul.
Quantum
reality, the Noumenon, is
a system of inseparable,
interacting, and ever moving components, with
the observer an integral
part of this system.
The underlying reason for
the widespread dissatisfaction within Western culture is the
domination of the mechanistic,
fragmented view of reality.
Two modes of consciousness,
rational and intuitive -
associated with science and
religion - have been recognized universally throughout
history.
These two types of knowledge may be termed
Logos and Mythos.
In the
West intuitive knowledge is devalued in favor of relational knowledge, whereas
the traditional Eastern attitude is traditionally the opposite.
The
Upanishads speak of a higher and a lower knowledge and associate the
lower knowledge with
various sciences, the higher with religious awareness.
Buddhists
mention two forms of knowledge - 'relative' and 'absolute'.
Chinese philosophy emphasizes the complementary nature of
the intuitive and
the rational by
representing them in the archetypical pair
Yin and Yang.
Accordingly, two complementary philosophical traditions -
Taoism and
Confucianism developed in
China to deal with the two lower forms of knowledge.
Rational knowledge
is derived from physical
experience.
Relational knowledge belongs to
the realm of the
intellect, whose function it is to discriminate, divide, compare, measure
and categorize.
Relative knowledge exists in a duality, a world of
intellectual distinctions,
of opposites which can
exist only in relation to each other.
Abstraction is a crucial
feature of relational
knowledge.
In order to
compare and classify the immense variety of shapes, structures, and phenomena
we select a few significant ones.
We construct a 'map of reality'
by reducing things to their general outlines.
Relational knowledge is
a system of abstract
concepts, characterized by
linear, sequential
thinking and speaking just like this line
of symbols.
The natural
world, of infinite variety, contains no straight lines or completely regular
shapes, where things happen in interlocked sequences.
Abstract systems of conceptual
thought cannot adequately describe reality.
The
model will be
faulty as we can only expect an approximate representation of reality as
all rational knowledge is
necessarily limited.
The realm of science requires ever
collapsing paradigms.
"Every word or concept, clear as it may
appear to be, has only a limited range of applicability." - Werner
Heisenberg
The limitations of rational
knowledge always recede from
conscious thought.
As
our representation of
reality is so much easier to grasp than reality itself, we tend to confuse
the two and to take our concepts and
symbols for reality.
The main aim of mysticism
is to rid us of this confusion.
Zen
Buddhists say that a finger is
needed to point at the moon, but that we should
not trouble ourselves with the finger once the moon is recognized.
"The purpose of a fish
basket is to catch fish, and
when the fish are caught the
basket is forgotten. The purpose of
a rabbit snare is to catch
rabbits. When the rabbits are
caught, the snare is forgotten. The purpose of the word is to convey ideas.
When the ideas are
grasped, the words are forgotten.
Where can I find a man who
has forgotten words? He is
the one I would like to talk to." - Zhuangzi
Equivalency in the
West is shown by the statement made by the semanticist Alfred Korzybski, "The map is not the
territory."
PERSUASIVE CARTOGRAPHY
What mystics are concerned
with is a direct experience of reality which transcends not only
intellectual thinking
but also sensory
perception.
In the words of the
Upanishads:
"What is soundless, touchless,
formless, imperishable,
likewise tasteless, constant, odorless, immaterial without beginning, without
end, higher than the highest,by discerning
that, one is liberated from the mouth of
death."
Knowledge gleaned from mystical experience is called
absolute knowledge by
Buddhists because it does not rely on the
discriminations,
abstractions, and classifications of the
intellect, always
relative and approximate.
In the West this absolute knowledge or
esoteric gnostic knowledge has
been suppressed since Constantine started a civil war
to overturn Jupiter Optimus Maximus Soter.
Apperception is the central
characteristic of all mystical
experience.
The
noumenon can never be an object of reasoning or of demonstrable
knowledge.
As the noumenon lies beyond the realm of human senses
words and concepts so derived remain inadequate.
The Upanishads note:
There the
eye goes not,
speech goes not, nor the mind.
we know not, we
understand not
how one would teach it.
"If it could be talked about,
everybody would have
told their brother."
Chuang Tzu
Lao Tze, who calls
reality the Tao, states the same thing in the opening line of the Tao Te Ching:
" The Tao that can be expressed is not the eternal Tao."
Communicating
true knowledge through the use of symbols or words is nearly impossible and
this is why the ancients settled on the Oral
Tradition.
True knowledge inhabits
an entirely
nonintellectual experience of reality,
an experience arising in a
state of consciousness out of the ordinary which may be called a
meditative,
mystical or disassociated state
of consciousness.
In the words of William James:
"Our
normal waking
consciousness, rational
consciousness as we call it, is but
one special type of
consciousness, whilst all about it,
parted from it by the
filmiest of screens, there lie other potential forms of
consciousness."
Although
physicists are mainly
concerned with relational knowledge and mystics with intuitive knowledge or
mythical
consciousness, both types of knowledge occur in both fields.
This
becomes apparent when we examine how knowledge is obtained and how it is
expressed, both in physics and Eastern mysticism.
In physics, knowledge
is acquired through the process of scientific research which can be seen to
proceed in three stages.
Initially consists in
gathering experimental
evidence about phenomena.
The experimental facts are correlated
with symbols and a scheme is worked out which
interconnects these symbols in a precise and consistent way.
Such a scheme develops a hypothesis
into a model or a theory.
This theory is then used to predict the
results of further experiments.
Physicists become satisfied when they
have found a scheme and have
learned know how to use it to predict outcome of further experimentation.
To share this knowledge physicists express results in
common
language.
Basing all theories firmly on experiment is known as
the scientific method.
Greek
philosophers had extremely ingenious ideas about nature which often come very
close to modern scientific models, the
enormous difference between the two is the empirical attitude of modern
science..
The Greeks obtained
models deductively from
fundamental axioms.
The Greek art of
deductive logical reasoning
is an essential ingredient in the second stage of scientific research, the
formulation of a consistent model.
Relational knowledge
constitutes a major part of scientific research.
But intuition is
what gives scientists new insights and makes them creative.
Insights
come suddenly when analysis has been dropped and the subconscious has had the
chance to process the presented information.
The intuitive mind takes over
and produces suddenly clarifying insights.
Intuitive insights do
not impress engineers and are of no use to anyone unless they can be formulated
into a consistent interpretation
in plain
language.
Abstraction is a crucial feature
of this framework.
This framework is a
system of concepts which constitute a map of reality.
This map represents only some features of
reality.
We do not know
exactly where the gaps in knowledge lie since we started compiling our map
gradually and without critical analysis in our childhood.
The words of our language are
thus not clearly defined.
They have several meanings, many of which
pass only vaguely
through our mind and remain largely in our subconscious when we
hear a word.
The inaccuracy
and ambiguity of
language is essential for
poets who work largely with its
subconscious
associations.
Science by aiming for clear definitions and
unambiguous connections abstracts language further by limiting the meaning of
its words and by standardizing its structure in accordance with the
Laws of
Logic.
The ultimate
abstraction takes place in mathematics where words are replaced by
symbols and
operations of connecting the
symbols are rigorously defined.
Mathematics is an extremely
abstracted and compressed language.
Many mathematicians believe that
mathematics is not just a language to describe nature, but is
inherent in nature
itself.
The
Pythagorean
mysteries introduced the belief "All things are numbers," which was
incorporated into Chaladean
numerology and Kabbalah.
Followers of Pythagoras set
up Serapheum throughout the newly Hellenized world in the wake of Alexander the
Macedonian.
The
intimate blending of religion and reasoning that Pythagoras engaged in spawned
a technological revolution of shared technique.
The Pythagorian
mysteries began a sort of blockchain of intimately linked concepts with each
new concept overlaying the former.
A defining factor the
Pythagorean mysteries is
a logical admiration of that which is
timeless.
This conceptual
worldview forged a chain of individuals
subscribing to the
concept of creating perfection in humanity including Plato,
Augustine,
Thomas Aquinas, Descartes,
Spinoza crystallizing in
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
The
scientific method
of abstraction,
the use of rational
consciousness, creates
dissociation
through variable
elimination.
Common symbol systems, or
languages, must contain flexibility within their very structure in order to be
broadly understood.
This flexibility disappears with terminology
within schools of thought.
The language of mathematics
reaches a point where links with reality are so tenuous that the relation of
symbols to sensory experience is no longer evident.
Rational thought symbol
systems, or models, must be supplemented with
mystical thought
symbol systems in order to be understood.
Rational thought
symbol systems are rigorous and consistent as far as their internal structure
is concerned but their symbols are not directly related to
experience.
"The 'seeing' plays
the most important role in Buddhist epistemology, for seeing is at the basis of
knowing.
Knowing is impossible without
seeing;
all 'knowledge' has its
origin in seeing." - DT
Suzuki
Mystical
thought symbol systems come from
direct sensory experience and, being exceedingly complex, are
hard to chronicle in
rational thought symbol systems
like the one you are now reading in.
Direct mystical experience is at
the core of all mysticism.
"Personal experience is the
foundation of Buddhist philosophy.
Described as direct insight
outside the realm of the intellect obtained by watching rather than thinking;
by looking inside oneself; by observation.
In
Taoism, this notion of
observation is embodied in the names for Taoist temples, kuan, which originally
meant "to look."
Taoist thus regarded their temples as places of
observation.
In Ch'an Buddhism, the Chinese version of Zen,
enlightenment is often referred to as 'the vision of the
Tao' - true vision is regarded as the basis of knowing in all Buddhist
schools.
The first item of the
Eightfold Path, the
prescription Siddhartha Gautama gave
us for self-realization,
is true vision,
followed by true
knowledge.
Knowing and seeing are united in the
Zen of Siddhartha Gautama.
The mystical
experience is experiencing true reality -
Gnosis.
adapted
from Franz Capra |
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