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"All sensation is true;
sensation is the
primary source of knowledge."
Epicurus
sense is defined
as:to
grasp;
to perceive;
to understand;
good judgement;
moral
apprehension
natural
apprehension
complying with
consensus;
a
general conscious awareness;
a sensation produced by a
stimulus;
an
intuitive acquired ability to estimate;
the normal ability to think or
reason soundly;
to become
aware of; meaning; import; significance;
intellectual
perception;
apperception;
recognition;
discernment.
Any of the faculties by which stimuli from outside or inside the
body are received and felt, as the faculties of hearing, sight, smell, touch,
taste, and equilibrium.
Sense is
the mind acting in the direct
cognition of material objects or of
its own mental states.
Understanding is the logical power of apprehending
general conceptions while
classifying, arranging, and making deductions.
Reason is
the power of apprehending
fundamental truths which are the conditions of
all real and scientific
knowledge, and which control
the mind in all its processes of investigation and
deduction.
nine major sense
groups
"Visually most of us can immediately perceive
only four or so items."
Samuel Arbesman
sight
"He who smells, gets
hungry;
he who smells not,
desires Monsanto."
"He who touches, feels;
he who touches not,
feels not."
taste
"He who tastes, knows bitterness, saltiness and
sourness;
he who tastes not, knows only
the flavor of HFCS."
hearing
Recent studies show that
the cSlo gene uses alternative splicing to create 576 different proteins, each
with a slightly different electrical response.
As a result, when
researchers studied the hair cells on one end of the cochlea, they found one of
the proteins.
When they looked at the hair cells on the other end, they
found another protein.
In between, they found 574 other proteins, each
of which was ideal for producing a strong response to a specific sound
frequency!
In other words, the exons and introns of the cSlo gene have
been set up so that each hair cell can use alternative splicing to produce a
protein that is perfect for the frequencies to which it is supposed to respond
most strongly!
The design is so detailed that each hair cell can choose
from among 576 different proteins in order to get a good response.
All
of this is the result of a single gene!
Douglas L. Black, "Splicing
in the Inner Ear: a Familiar Tune, but What Are the Instruments?"; Neuron
20:165–168, 1998 |
intuition
equilibrium
"He who is in balance, walks a straight
line;
he who is not in balance, falls down."
"Our senses are limited.
We 'see' only some
wavelengths of light
;
we 'smell' only a range of odours;
we 'hear' only a range
of sounds.
If we see nothing, then this does not mean that nothing is
there.
The extents of our senses, both quantitatively and
qualitatively, are also the results of an
adaptive selection process that must
allocate scarce resources.
We could have evolved eyes that were
thousands of times more sensitive, but that ability would need to have been
paid for by using resources that could have been used elsewhere.
We
have ended up with a package of senses that makes efficient use of the
scarce resources available." -
John D. Barrow
Although human senses are
limited they are truly quite magnificent.
A human with normally functioning senses
can;
feel on the fingertips or face a pressure that depresses the skin a
.00004 inch,
feel the
weight of a bee's wing falling on the cheek from less than half an inch
away,
see a small candle flame from 30 miles away on
a clear, dark night,
distinguish among
more than 300,000 different color variations,
smell one drop of perfume
diffused through a three-room apartment,
taste .04 ounce-of table salt
dissolved in 530 quarts of water,
gauge the direction of a sound's
origin based on a .00003 second difference in
its arrival from one ear to the
other.
The commonly held definition of a "sense" is "any system that
consists of a group of sensory cell types that respond to a specific physical
phenomenon and that corresponds to a particular group of regions within the
brain where the signals are received and interpreted.
The commonly held
human senses are as follows:
Sight:
This
technically is two senses given the two distinct types of receptors present,
one for color (cones) and one for brightness (rods).
Taste:
This is sometimes argued to be five senses by
itself due to the differing types of taste receptors (sweet, salty, sour,
bitter, and umami), but
generally is just referred to as one sense. For those who don't know,
umami receptors detect the amino
acid glutamate, which is a taste generally found in meat and some
artificial flavoring. The taste sense, unlike sight, is a sense based on a
chemical reaction
Touch:
This has been
found to be distinct from pressure, temperature, pain, and even itch sensors.
Pressure:
Obvious sense is obvious. ;-)
Itch:
Surprisingly, this is a distinct
sensor system from other touch-related senses.
Thermoception:
Ability to sense heat and cold. This
also is thought of as more than one sense. This is not just because of the two
hot/cold receptors, but also because there is a completely different type of
thermoceptor, in terms of the mechanism for detection, in the brain. These
thermoceptors in the brain are used for monitoring internal body temperature.
Sound:
Detecting vibrations along some
medium, such as air or water that is in contact with your ear drums. Smell: Yet
another of the sensors that work off of a chemical reaction. This sense
combines with taste to produce flavors.
Proprioception:
This sense gives you the ability to
tell where your body parts are, relative to other body parts. This sense is one
of the things police officers test when they pull over someone who they think
is driving drunk. The "close your eyes and touch your nose" test is testing
this sense. This sense is used all the time in little ways, such as when you
scratch an itch on your foot, but never once look at your foot to see where
your hand is relative to your foot.
Tension
Sensors:
These are found in such places as your muscles and
allow the brain the ability to monitor muscle tension.
Nociception:
In a word, pain. This was once thought to
simply be the result of overloading other senses, such as "touch", but this has
been found not to be the case and instead, it is
its own unique sensory system.
There are three distinct types of pain receptors: cutaneous (skin), somatic
(bones and joints), and visceral (body organs).
Magentoception:
This is the ability to detect
magnetic fields,
which is principally useful in providing a sense of direction when detecting
the magnetic field of the
Earth. Unlike most birds, humans
do not have a strong magentoception, however, experiments have demonstrated
that we do tend to have some sense of magnetic fields. The mechanism for this
is not completely understood; it is theorized that this has something to do
with deposits of iron oxide in our noses. This would make sense if that is
correct as humans who are given magnetic implants have been shown to have a
much stronger magnetoception than humans without.
Equilibrioception:
The sense that allows you to keep
your balance and sense body movement in terms of acceleration and directional
changes. This sense also allows for perceiving gravity. The sensory system for
this is found in your inner ears and is called the vestibular labyrinthine
system. Anyone who's ever had this sense go out on them on occasion knows how
important this is. When it's not working or malfunctioning, you literally can't
tell up from down and moving from one location to another without aid is
nearly impossible.
Stretch Receptors:
These are found in
such places as the lungs, bladder, stomach, and the gastrointestinal tract. A
type of stretch receptor, that senses
dilation of blood
vessels, is also often involved in headaches.
Chemoreceptors:
These trigger an area of the medulla
in the brain that is involved in detecting
blood born hormones and
drugs. It also is involved in the vomiting reflex.
Thirst:
This system more or less allows your body to
monitor its hydration level and so your body knows when it should tell you to
drink.
Hunger:
This system allows your
body to detect when you need to eat
something.
Time:
This one is debated as no singular mechanism has been found that allows
people to perceive time. However, experimental data has conclusively shown
humans have a startling accurate sense of time, particularly when younger. The
mechanism we use for this seems to be a distributed system involving
the cerebral cortex,
cerebellum, and basal
ganglia. Long term time keeping seems to be monitored by the suprachiasmatic
nuclei (responsible for the circadian rhythm). Short term time keeping is
handled by other cell systems.
Did you know humans have the ability to
ignore one or more of the sensory systems at any given time ? |
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