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"All sensation is true;
sensation is the
primary source of knowledge."
Epicurus
"All credibility, all conscience, all evidence of
truth come only from the senses."
Friedrich Nietzsche
sense is defined
as:to
grasp;
to perceive;
to understand;
good judgement;
moral apprehension
natural apprehension
complying with
consensus;
a general
conscious awareness;
a sensation produced by a
stimulus;
an
intuitive acquired ability to estimate;
the normal ability to think or
reason soundly;
to become
aware of; meaning; import; significance;
intellectual
perception;
apperception;
recognition;
discernment.
Any of the faculties by which stimuli from outside or inside the
body are received and felt, as the faculties of hearing, sight, smell, touch,
taste, and equilibrium.
Sense is
the mind acting in the direct
cognition of material objects or of
its own mental states.
Understanding is the logical power of apprehending
general conceptions while
classifying, arranging, and making deductions.
Reason is the power
of apprehending fundamental truths which are the conditions of
all real and scientific
knowledge, and which control
the mind in all its processes of investigation and
deduction.
nine major sense
groups
sight
"He who touches, feels;
he who touches not,
feels not."
"He who tastes, knows bitterness, saltiness and sourness;
he
who tastes not, knows only the flavor
of HFCS."
hearing
intuition
"He who is in balance, walks a straight
line;
he who is not in balance, falls down."
"Our senses are limited.
We 'see' only some wavelengths of light
;
we 'smell' only a range of odours;
we 'hear' only a range
of sounds.
If we see nothing, then this does not mean that nothing is
there.
The extents of our senses, both quantitatively and
qualitatively, are also the results of an
adaptive selection process that must
allocate scarce resources.
We
could have evolved eyes that were thousands of times more sensitive, but that
ability would need to have been paid for by using resources that could have
been used elsewhere.
We have ended up with a package of senses that
makes efficient use of the scarce
resources available." - John D.
Barrow
Although human senses are
limited they are truly quite magnificent.
A human with normally functioning senses
can;
feel on the fingertips or face a pressure that depresses the skin a
.00004 inch,
feel the weight of a bee's wing falling on the cheek from
less than half an inch away,
see a small candle flame from 30 miles away
on a clear, dark night,
distinguish among more than 300,000 different
color variations,
smell one drop of perfume diffused through a
three-room apartment,
taste .04 ounce-of table salt dissolved in 530
quarts of water,
gauge the direction of a sound's origin based on a
.00003 second difference in its arrival
from one ear to the other.
21 senses or more
!
The commonly held definition of a
"sense" is "any system that consists of a group of sensory cell types that
respond to a specific physical phenomenon and that corresponds to a particular
group of regions within the brain where the signals are received and
interpreted.
The commonly held human senses are as follows:
Sight:
This technically is two senses
given the two distinct types of receptors present, one for color (cones) and
one for brightness (rods).
Taste:
This
is sometimes argued to be five senses by itself due to the differing types of
taste receptors (sweet, salty, sour,
bitter, and umami),
but generally is just referred to as one sense. For those who don't know, umami
receptors detect the amino acid glutamate, which is a taste generally found in
meat and some artificial flavoring. The taste sense, unlike sight, is a sense
based on a chemical reaction
Touch:
This
has been found to be distinct from pressure, temperature, pain, and even itch
sensors.
Pressure:
Obvious sense is
obvious. ;-)
Itch:
Surprisingly, this is
a distinct sensor system from other touch-related senses.
Thermoception:
Ability to sense heat and cold. This
also is thought of as more than one sense. This is not just because of the two
hot/cold receptors, but also because there is a completely different type of
thermoceptor, in terms of the mechanism for detection, in the brain. These
thermoceptors in the brain are used for monitoring internal body temperature.
Sound:
Detecting vibrations along some
medium, such as air or water that is in contact with your ear drums. Smell: Yet
another of the sensors that work off of a chemical reaction. This sense
combines with taste to produce flavors.
Proprioception:
This sense gives you the ability to
tell where your body parts are, relative to other body parts. This sense is one
of the things police officers test when they pull over someone who they think
is driving drunk. The "close your eyes and touch your nose" test is testing
this sense. This sense is used all the time in little ways, such as when you
scratch an itch on your foot, but never once look at your foot to see where
your hand is relative to your foot.
Tension
Sensors:
These are found in such places as your muscles and
allow the brain the ability to monitor muscle tension.
Nociception:
In a word, pain. This was once thought to
simply be the result of overloading other senses, such as "touch", but this has
been found not to be the case and instead, it is its own unique sensory system.
There are three distinct types of pain receptors: cutaneous (skin), somatic
(bones and joints), and visceral (body organs).
Magentoception:
This
is the ability to detect
magnetic fields,
which is principally useful in providing a sense of direction when detecting
the magnetic field of the
Earth. Unlike most birds, humans do not have a strong magentoception,
however, experiments have demonstrated that we do tend to have some sense of
magnetic fields. The mechanism
for this is not completely understood; it is theorized that this has something
to do with deposits of ferric iron in our noses. This would make sense if that
is correct as humans who are given magnetic implants have been shown to have a
much stronger magnetoception than humans without.
Equilibrioception:
The sense that allows you to keep
your balance and sense body movement in terms of acceleration and directional
changes. This sense also allows for perceiving gravity. The sensory system for
this is found in your inner ears and is called the vestibular labyrinthine
system. Anyone who's ever had this sense go out on them on occasion knows how
important this is. When it's not working or malfunctioning, you literally can't
tell up from down and moving from one location to another without aid is nearly
impossible.
Stretch Receptors:
These are
found in such places as the lungs, bladder, stomach, and the gastrointestinal
tract. A type of stretch receptor, that senses
dilation of blood
vessels, is also often involved in headaches.
Chemoreceptors:
These trigger an area of the medulla
in the brain that is involved in detecting blood born hormones and drugs. It
also is involved in the vomiting reflex.
Thirst:
This system more or less allows your body to monitor its hydration
level and so your body knows when it should tell you to drink.
Hunger:
This system allows your body to detect when
you need to eat something.
Time:
This one is debated as no singular
mechanism has been found that allows people to perceive time. However,
experimental data has conclusively shown humans have a startling accurate sense
of time, particularly when younger. The mechanism we use for this seems to be a
distributed system involving the
cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. Long term time keeping
seems to be monitored by the suprachiasmatic nuclei (responsible for the
circadian rhythm). Short term time keeping is handled by other cell systems.
Did you know humans have the ability to ignore one or more of the
sensory systems at any given time ? |
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