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"All sensation is true;
sensation is the
primary source of knowledge."
Epicurus
"All credibility, all conscience, all evidence of
truth come only from the senses."
Friedrich Nietzsche
sense is defined
as:to
grasp;
to perceive;
to understand;
good judgement;
moral apprehension
natural
apprehension
complying with
consensus;
a general
conscious awareness;
a sensation produced by a
stimulus;
an
intuitive acquired ability to estimate;
the normal ability to think or
reason soundly;
to become
aware of; meaning; import; significance;
intellectual
perception;
apperception;
recognition;
discernment.
Any of the faculties by which stimuli from outside or inside the
body are received and felt, as the faculties of hearing, sight, smell, touch,
taste, and equilibrium.
Sense is
the mind acting in the direct
cognition of material objects or of
its own mental states.
Understanding is the logical power of apprehending
general conceptions while
classifying, arranging, and making deductions.
Reason is
the power of apprehending
fundamental truths which are the conditions of
all real and scientific
knowledge, and which control
the mind in all its processes of investigation and
deduction.
nine major sense
groups
"Visually most of us can immediately perceive
only four or so items."
Samuel Arbesman
sight
"He who touches, feels;
he who touches not,
feels not."
"He who tastes, knows bitterness, saltiness and
sourness;
he who tastes not, knows only
the flavor of HFCS."
hearing
intuition
equilibrium
"He who is in balance, walks a straight
line;
he who is not in balance, falls down."
"Our senses are limited.
We 'see' only some wavelengths of light
;
we 'smell' only a range of odours;
we 'hear' only a range
of sounds.
If we see nothing, then this does not mean that nothing is
there.
The extents of our senses, both quantitatively and
qualitatively, are also the results of an
adaptive selection process that must
allocate scarce resources.
We
could have evolved eyes that were thousands of times more sensitive, but that
ability would need to have been paid for by using resources that could have
been used elsewhere.
We have ended up with a package of senses that
makes efficient use of the scarce
resources available." - John D.
Barrow
Although human senses are
limited they are truly quite magnificent.
A human with normally functioning senses
can;
feel on the fingertips or face a pressure that depresses the skin a
.00004 inch,
feel the
weight of a bee's wing falling on the cheek from less than half an inch
away,
see a small candle flame from 30 miles away on a clear, dark
night,
distinguish among more than 300,000 different color
variations,
smell one drop of perfume diffused through a three-room
apartment,
taste .04 ounce-of table salt dissolved in 530 quarts of
water,
gauge the direction of a sound's origin based on a .00003 second
difference in its arrival from one ear to
the other.
21 senses or more
!
The commonly held definition of a
"sense" is "any system that consists of a group of sensory cell types that
respond to a specific physical phenomenon and that corresponds to a particular
group of regions within the brain where the signals are received and
interpreted.
The commonly held human senses are as follows:
Sight:
This technically is two senses
given the two distinct types of receptors present, one for color (cones) and
one for brightness (rods).
Taste:
This
is sometimes argued to be five senses by itself due to the differing types of
taste receptors (sweet, salty, sour,
bitter, and umami),
but generally is just referred to as one sense. For those who don't know, umami
receptors detect the amino acid glutamate, which is a taste generally found in
meat and some artificial flavoring. The taste sense, unlike sight, is a sense
based on a chemical reaction
Touch:
This
has been found to be distinct from pressure, temperature, pain, and even itch
sensors.
Pressure:
Obvious sense is
obvious. ;-)
Itch:
Surprisingly, this is
a distinct sensor system from other touch-related senses.
Thermoception:
Ability to sense heat and cold. This
also is thought of as more than one sense. This is not just because of the two
hot/cold receptors, but also because there is a completely different type of
thermoceptor, in terms of the mechanism for detection, in the brain. These
thermoceptors in the brain are used for monitoring internal body temperature.
Sound:
Detecting vibrations along some
medium, such as air or water that is in contact with your ear drums. Smell: Yet
another of the sensors that work off of a chemical reaction. This sense
combines with taste to produce flavors.
Proprioception:
This sense gives you the ability to
tell where your body parts are, relative to other body parts. This sense is one
of the things police officers test when they pull over someone who they think
is driving drunk. The "close your eyes and touch your nose" test is testing
this sense. This sense is used all the time in little ways, such as when you
scratch an itch on your foot, but never once look at your foot to see where
your hand is relative to your foot.
Tension
Sensors:
These are found in such places as your muscles and
allow the brain the ability to monitor muscle tension.
Nociception:
In a word, pain. This was once thought to
simply be the result of overloading other senses, such as "touch", but this has
been found not to be the case and instead, it is
its own unique sensory system.
There are three distinct types of pain receptors: cutaneous (skin), somatic
(bones and joints), and visceral (body organs).
Magentoception:
This is the ability to detect
magnetic fields,
which is principally useful in providing a sense of direction when detecting
the magnetic field of the
Earth. Unlike most birds, humans do not have a strong magentoception,
however, experiments have demonstrated that we do tend to have some sense of
magnetic fields. The mechanism for this is not completely understood; it is
theorized that this has something to do with deposits of iron oxide in our
noses. This would make sense if that is correct as humans who are given
magnetic implants have been shown to have a much stronger magnetoception than
humans without.
Equilibrioception:
The
sense that allows you to keep your balance and sense body movement in terms of
acceleration and directional changes. This sense also allows for perceiving
gravity. The sensory system for this is found in your inner ears and is called
the vestibular labyrinthine system. Anyone who's ever had this sense go out on
them on occasion knows how important this is. When it's not working or
malfunctioning, you literally can't tell up from down and moving from one
location to another without aid is nearly impossible.
Stretch Receptors:
These are found in such places as
the lungs, bladder, stomach, and the gastrointestinal tract. A type of stretch
receptor, that senses dilation of blood vessels,
is also often involved in headaches.
Chemoreceptors:
These trigger an area of the medulla
in the brain that is involved in detecting
blood born hormones and
drugs. It also is involved in the vomiting reflex.
Thirst:
This system more or less allows your body to
monitor its hydration level and so your body knows when it should tell you to
drink.
Hunger:
This system allows your
body to detect when you need to eat
something.
Time:
This one is debated
as no singular mechanism has been found that allows people to perceive time.
However, experimental data has conclusively shown humans have a startling
accurate sense of time, particularly when younger. The mechanism we use for
this seems to be a distributed system involving
the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and
basal ganglia. Long term time keeping seems to be monitored by the
suprachiasmatic nuclei (responsible for the circadian rhythm). Short term time
keeping is handled by other cell systems.
Did you know humans have the
ability to ignore one or more of the sensory systems at any given time
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