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1774 Thomas Paine, largely self-educated,
comes to the colonies after meeting
Benjamin
Franklin in London.
1776 Thomas Paine is writing for Pennsylvania Magazine,
later became its editor and begins working on Common
Sense.
Without Thomas Paine's newsprint 'magazines' there might
never have been an American Revolution.
Thomas Paine,
a liberal thinker, opposes
slavery,
abhors monarchy and
promotes republicanism - res-publica, the
public
affairs, or the public
good.
Liberal thinkers of his time -
George Washington,
Thomas Jefferson,
John Hancock, John
Adams, James Madison,
Benjamin Rush,
Samuel Adams and
Benjamin Franklin
- were skeptical of the
institutions of power that included
the "kingly oppressions"
of monarchs, the Roman
Catholic church and chartered
incorporations of that time represented by the dominant predatory giant of the
day - the British
East India Company.
"The order which reigns among
mankind is not the effect of government.
That order has its origin
in the principles of society
and the natural constitution of
man.
That order
existed prior to government, and would continue to exist if the formality of
government was abolished.
The mutual dependence and reciprocal
interest which man has upon man, and
all the parts of civilized
community upon each other, create that
great chain of connection
which holds it together.
Common interest regulates
citizen concerns and forms law; laws which common usage ordains have a
greater influence than laws of
government.
Society performs for itself
almost everything ascribed to government.
No one man is capable,
without the aid of
society, of supplying
his own wants, and those wants, acting upon every individual, impel the whole
into society, as naturally
as gravitation acts.
Nature has implanted in man a
system of social affections, which, though not necessary to his
existence, are essential to his
happiness.
The instant formal government is abolished, society
begins to act: a general
association takes place, and
common interest produces common
security.
In short, man is so
naturally a creature of society that
it is almost impossible to
put him out of it.
All the
great laws of society are
natural
laws.
Those of trade and
commerce, whether with regard to the
intercourse of individuals or of nations, are laws of mutual and reciprocal
interest.
These laws
are followed and obeyed, because it is the interest of the parties so to
do, and not on account of any formal laws imposed or interposed.
Governments, far from being the means of
order, often cause destruction.
One of the great advantages of the
American Revolution has been, that it led to
a discovery of
principles, and laid open the imposition, of governments.
All the
revolutions till then had been worked within the atmosphere of a court, and
never on the grand floor of a nation.
The parties a
class of courtiers carefully
preserved the fraud of the profession,
blinding the understanding of
man, and making him believe that
government is some wonderful
mysterious thing.
Government is a national association
added onto the principles of society.
Government, on the old system,
aggrandizement of
power; on the new, a
delegation of power for the
common benefit of society.
The former supports itself
by keeping up a system of war; the latter promotes
a system of peace, as
the true means of enriching a
nation.
The one
encourages national prejudices; the other
promotes universal
society, as the means of universal
commerce.
The one
measures its prosperity, by the quantity of revenue it extorts; the other proves its
excellence, by the small quantity of taxes it requires.
Having thus
glanced at a few of the defects of the old hereditary systems of government,
let us compare it with the new, or representative
system.
Squaring the Circle
"Squaring the circle was a
problem that exercised medieval minds.
It is a symbol of the opus
alchymicum, as it breaks down the original chaotic unity into four elements,
combining them again in a higher unity.
Unity is represented by a
circle and the four elements by a square.
The production of one from
four is the result of a process of distillation and sublimation which takes the
so-called "circular" form: the distillate is subjected to sundry distillations
so that the "soul" or "spirit" shall be extracted in its purest state." - Carl
Jung |
The
representative system of
government is calculated
to produce the wisest laws, by collecting wisdom from where it can be
found.
That which is
called government is no more than some common center in which all the parts of
society unite.
A nation is
not a body, the figure of which is to be represented by the human body; but
is like a body contained within a
circle, having a common
center, in which every radius meets; and that center is formed by
representation. The system of government now called
the new, representative
government, is the
most ancient in principle of all that have existed, being founded on the
original, inherent
rights of the living human
being.
Tyranny
and the sword have suspended the exercise of those rights for many centuries
past, it serves better
the purpose of distinction to call it the new,
than to claim the right of
calling it the old.
The representative system takes the culture for
its basis; nature,
reason, and
experience, for its
guide.
A truly representative system will parallel
the order and immutable
Laws of Nature.
The
representative system diffuses such a body of knowledge throughout a nation, on
the subject of government, as to
explode ignorance and
preclude imposition.
Government that does not act on the principle
of a Republic, the res-publica as its sole object, is
an evil
government.
A republican form of government is no other than
government established and conducted for the interest of the public,
individually as well as collectively.
A republican form of government is
not necessarily connected with any particular form, but it most naturally
associates with the representative form.
In the representative system,
the reason for everything
must publicly appear (be transparent).
Every man is a proprietor in
government, and considers it a necessary part of his business to
understand.
Government concerns his interest,
because it affects his property and
rights.
A thinking man
examines the cost, and compares it with the advantages; and above all, he does
not adopt the slavish custom of following what in other governments are called
LEADERS." - Thomas
Paine
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