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"In the
pre-scientific world, power was God's.
There was not much that man
could do even in the most favorable circumstances, and the circumstances were
liable to become unfavorable if men incurred the divine displeasure.
This showed itself in earthquakes, pestilences, famines, and defeats in
war.
Since such events are frequent, it was obviously very easy to
incur divine displeasure.
Judging by the analogy of earthly monarchs,
men decided that the thing most displeasing to the Deity is a lack of humility.
If you wished to slip through life without disaster, you must be meek;
you must be aware of your defenselessness, and constantly ready to confess it.
But the God before whom you humbled yourself was conceived in the
likeness of man, so that the universe seemed human and warm and cozy, like home
if you are the youngest of a large family, painful at times, but never alien
and incomprehensible.
In the scientific world, all this is different.
It is not by prayer and humility that you cause things to go as you
wish, but by acquiring a knowledge of natural laws.
The power you
acquire in this way is much greater and much more reliable that that formerly
supposed to be acquired by prayer, because you never could tell whether your
prayer would be favorably heard in heaven.
The power of prayer,
moreover, had recognized limits; it would have been impious to ask too much.
But the power of science has no known limits.
We were told that
faith could remove mountains, but no one believed it; we are now told that the
atomic bomb can remove mountains, and everyone believes it." - Bertrand
Russell, Impact of Science on Society
"Though they recognize in their hearts the Law of
God to be one and the same, yet from every direction they issue a new command,
and in every season
proclaim a fresh decree. No two are found to agree on one and the same law,
for they seek no God but their own
desire." - Bahá'u'lláh
laws of classical physics
The law of
falling bodies as observed by
Galileo Galilei:
Heavier
denser bodies fall at the same rate as lighter smaller bodies.
May
be immediately proved through casual
experimentation.
3
laws govern the motion of the planets as observed by Johannes
Kepler:
The planets move in elliptical, not circulal orbits.
The velocities of the planets are not
uniform but vary at
different points in their orbits.
The areas swept by the radius vectors
in equal times are equal.
The velocities of the planets relative to
each other can be expressed mathematically:
The squares of
the periods of revolution are
proportional to the cubes of the distances from the sun.
May be
immediately proved through casual observation.
The law of gravity as observed by
Johannes Kepler:
A force
emanating from the sun governs the
motion of the celestial bodies.
Weight arises from the
mutual attraction between two bodies.
May be immediately proved
through casual observation. Don't
trip!
3
physical laws of motion as observed by Isaac Newton:
(1)
Every body
perseveres in its state of rest or of moving
uniformly in a straight
line, except so far as it is made to change that state by external force.
(2) Change of motion is proportional to the applied force, and takes
place in the direction in which the force is applied.
(3) Reaction is
always equal and opposite to action, that is to say, the actions of two bodies
upon each other are always equal and in opposite directions.
May be
immediately proved through casual experimentation.
Laws of electromagnetism as
observed by James Clerk Maxwell:
Electricity and
magnetism are two
aspects of a single unified force of nature.
Proved through
experimentation.
Laws of thermodynamics as observed by
James Clerk
Maxwell:
Thermodynamic laws and properties of gases may be
derived from a statistical description of molecular motion.
Proved
through experimentation.
Periodic law of the
elements as observed by Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev:
Elements
placed according to the value of their atomic weights present a clear
perodicity of properties.
Proved through
experimentation.
Ohm's law as observed by German
physicist Georg Ohm:
The current flowing in a metallic conductor
maintained at constant temperature is
directly proportional to the
potential difference (voltage) between its ends.
Used every day by
electricians.
The law of electrolysis as observed by
Svante Arrhenius:
Explains the electrical conductivity of highly
dilute solutions.
Can be proved by joining a
copper water pipe to a
steel water pipe.
The
molecules from one will migrate to the other causing joint
failure.
The law of
global warming as observed by Svante
Arrhenius:
Explains how carbonic acid (carbin dioxide) has the
ability to trap heat.
"On the influence of carbonic acid in the air
upon the temperature of the ground" by Svante Arrhenius was published in
1896.
Proved through the observation of natural phenomena since
mid-1800's.
19th century glacier retreat in the Alps preceded the emergence
of industrial black carbon deposition on high-alpine
glaciers
"Three ingredients in the scientific outlook of the
18th century:
(i) Statements of fact based on observation, not
unsupported authority.
(ii) The inanimate world is
a self-acting,
self-perpetuating system, in which all changes conform to natural
laws.
(iii) The earth is not the center of
the universe, and man is not its only purpose; moreover,
"purpose" is a concept which is
scientifically useless.
(1) Observation versus Authority:
Although Aristotle claimed his theories were based on observation it is
clear from his writings that he took the words of many others on
faith.
Aristotle' fidelity to observation is a fallacy.
(2)
Autonomy of the Physical World:
First law of motion says that a body
which is moving will go on moving in the same direction with the same velocity
until something stops it.
Only living beings could move without help of
some external agency.
(3) Dethronement of "Purpose''':
Aristotle
maintained causation has four facets.
The "efficient" cause is simply
"the cause"; the "final" cause is the purpose.
In human affairs this
distinction has validity.
In human affairs, the question "why?" is more
naturally answered, as a rule, by assigning the final cause than by setting out
the efficient cause.
(4) Man's place in the universe:
The effect of science upon our view of man's place in the universe has
been of two opposite kinds; it has at
once degraded and
exalted him.
Degraded from the
standpoint of
contemplation, exalted from that
of action.
To get this effect with its full impact, you should read
simultaneously Dante's Divine Comedy and Hubble on the Realm of the Nebulae — in each case with active
imagination." - Bertrand Russell, Impact of Science on Society
Tenative laws of physics that have not been throughly
proven:
Quantum theory as defined by Max
Planck:
The
energy of electromagnetic energy
is found only in discrete packets of
quantum.
The amount of such energy must be a whole number multiplier of
Planck's constant.
"A new scientific truth does not
triumph by convincing its
opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents
eventually die, and a
next generation grows up that is familiar with it."- Max
Planck
laws of biology
The laws of heredity as observed by Gregor Johann
Mendel:
The law of segregation;
parental elements pass into
the germ cells of the offspring without influencing each other.
The law
of independent assortment;
inheritance of one element
does not govern the inheritance of any other element.
Proved
through work in the garden.
The
laws of evolution as observed by
Charles Darwin:
The
law of natural selection, known as anagensis;
Small, random, inheritable
differences among individuals results in varying chances of
survival and reproduction in the
ecological niche in which the individual organism exists.
The law of
divergence, known as speciation;
Genetic changes may accumulate within
an isolated segment of a species as that isolated population adapts to it's
ecological niche. At some point the species will become so divergent that
individuals with a common ancestor will be unable to interbreed, branching into
two distinct species.
Natural selection is proved through biogeography,
animal husbandry,
experimentation, embroyology, palenontolgy or fossil records, and
morphology which is
supported by genomics, the deoxyribonucleic acid
analysis of the
genome structure of living
entities and populations of living entities.
Divergence is proved by
deoxyribonucleic acid
analysis as no two living entities are identical, including identical twins.
The law of diminishing returns as observed by
Thomas Robert Malthius:
Population, when unchecked, increases in
a geometric ratio, while subsistence increases only in arithmetic ratio.
Accordingly, there is a strong and constantly operating check on population
because of the difficulty of
subsistence. The price of food
will tend to increase, owing to the necessity of
employing additional land of
inferior quality to increase production.
The economics of declining birth rates
The Last Word on
Overpopulation
Europe Regions Face Depopulation
'H. G. Wells and Population Control:
From a Eugenic Public
Policy to the Eugenics of Personal Choice'
US Birth Rate Not High Enough To Keep Population
Stable
Depopulation Through Stealth Sterilization
Billionaires ban media from secret meeting
Kiawah Island: The New "Jekyll Island"
Secret billionaire club
seeks population control
Government Control of Birth is the Socialist
Way
"There are a number of basic laws that
govern
the universe as basic
principles.
They have been discovered not fabricated.
Four of these are worthy of "introductory"
notation:
Law of
Non-Contradiction
(B or not B)
Law of
Identity
(B is B)
Law of the Excluded
Middle
(either B or not B)
Law of
Rational Inference
(If A = B and B = C then A = C)
Without adhering to these
laws of logic,
it is
impossible to think logically.
Logic really means,
putting your thoughts in
order.
Without these laws it would be
impossible
to put your thoughts
in order."
C. Matthew McMahon
Theory of special relativity as defined by Albert Einstein:
Coordinate space and
time are not absolute as the speed of light is invariant
(?).
Theory of relativity as defined by Albert
Einstein:
Gravitational fields are
manifestations of
curvature of spacetime.
Theory of light as
defined by Albert
Einstein:
Light exhibits quantum
properties in the photoelectric effect.
Isacc Newton theorized
the transmission of material particles, or corpuscules, sent off in all
directions from luminous bodies, traversing space, in right lines, with the
velocity of approxiamately 186,300 miles per second.
Newton argued that
the geometric nature of reflection
and refraction of light could only be explained if light was made of
particles, referred to as corpuscles, because
waves do not tend to travel
in straight lines.
Newton sought to disprove Christiaan Huygens'
theory that light was made of waves.
The theory of the nature of light
known as the undulatory or wave theory consisted of the propagation of
vibrations or undulations in a subtile, elastic medium, or ether, known to
pervade all space, and to be thus set in vibratory motion by the action of
luminous bodies, as the atmosphere is by sonorous bodies.
The currently accepted theory,
electro-magnetic theory of light, most accurately describes the properties of
light as a form of electro-magnetic oscillations.
Michelson-Morley
experiment is the prelude to the theory of relativity.
Albert Michelson
attempted to detect the passage of
Earth through the Ether with the use of an interferometer – an
instrument he invented.
At that time it
was postulated the propagation of waves needed a medium.
Sound
travels through the medium of air.
It was theorized
light waves from the sun
travel through the medium of Ether.
Theory: A
difference in the measured speed of the to-and-fro motion of a light beam
within the interferometer will be caused by the forward motion of the earth
during the light beam's time of transmission. The difference in light speed
will cause a "fringe shift" to be seen in the interferometer.
No fringe
shift could be detected !
Theoretical physics was no longer unified
!
To solve the problem Einstein 'postulated' the speed of light is a
constant, like Plank's constant irrespective of the motion, not just of the
light source, but also of the
Observer.
"The
Observer" part is very hard to accept.
"A sound wave travels at a constant speed in air (of a given
temperature and density) whatever the motion of the sound source. Sound from an
airplane travels forward at a speed that is unaffected by the speed of the
plane.
But if you travel toward that approaching sound wave then you
must add your speed to that of the plane's sound wave if you are to know the
speed with which it approaches you.
Einstein 'postulated' that the
simple "addition of velocities" that applies to sound does not hold true for
light.
Light waves approach us at the same speed whether we travel
toward or away from that light beam.
Einstein didn't
observe this -
he postulated
it.
Einstein said: "Let's assume it is true."
What follows
from it?
Well, speed is distance divided by time.
When you move
toward that light beam, which (Einstein
said) always approaches at a constant speed irrespective of how you (the Observer) move, then space must
contract, and time must dilate to exactly the extent that is needed to ensure
that the light approaches at an ever-constant speed.
It's a bizarre
claim.
What Einstein did was take the fundamentals of physics, space
and time, and claim that they must be subordinated to a velocity." -Tom
Bethell |
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Civilization is based on coöperation. Coöperation does not occur at
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