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Declaration of
Independence
IN
CONGRESS, July 4, 1776
The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen
United States of America,
When in the course of human events, it
becomes necessary for one people to
dissolve the political bands which have connected them with a political
system, and to assume among the
powers of the Earth, the separate and equal station to which the
Laws of Nature and of
Nature's God
entitle them,
a decent respect to the opinions of
men requires that they should declare
the causes which impel
them to the separation.
We hold
these truths to be
self-evident: all men are
created equal, they are endowed by their
Creator with
certain unalienable
rights, that among these are Life,
Liberty and the
Pursuit of
Happiness.
--That to secure these rights,
governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the
consent of the governed,
--That whenever any government becomes
destructive of these ends, it is
the Right of the People
to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government,
laying its foundation on principles
and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall appear
most likely to effect
their Safety and Happiness.
Prudence, indeed, will dictate that
governments long established should not be
changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience has
shown, that are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to
right themselves by abolishing the forms to which
they are accustomed.
When a long train of abuses
and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a
design to reduce them under
absolute despotism, it is their
right and duty, to throw off
such government, and to
provide new guards for their future security.
Such has been the
patient sufferance of these colonies; and
such is now the necessity
which constrains them to alter their systems of government. The history of the
present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and
usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an
absolute tyranny over these
States .
To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid
world.
He has refused his approval of laws, the most necessary for the
public good.
He has
forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance,
unless suspended in their operation till his approval is obtained; and when so
suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to
pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless
those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature, a
right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places
unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public
Records, for the sole purpose of
fatiguing them into
compliance with his measures.
He has dissolved
Representative Houses
repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his
invasions on the
rights of the People.
He has refused for a long time, after such
dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers,
incapable of Annihilation, have returned to
the People at
large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all
the dangers of invasion from
without, and convulsions
within.
He has endeavoured to prevent
the population
of these States; for that purpose
obstructing the laws for
naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their
migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of lands.
He has obstructed the
Administration of
Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.
He has made Judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their
offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a
multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harrass our
People, and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of
peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislatures.
He has
affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to
us, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their
acts of pretended
legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;
For protecting them, by a mock
trial, from punishment
for any murders which they
should commit on the Inhabitants of
these States;
For cutting off our trade with all parts of the
world;
For imposing
taxes on us without our consent;
For depriving us in many cases, of
the benefits of Trial by Jury;
For transporting us beyond seas to be
tried for pretended offense;
For abolishing the free system of English
Laws in a neighboring Province, establishing therein an
arbitrary government,
and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit
instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these
Colonies;
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable
Laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our
governments;
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring
themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his
protection and waging war against
us.
He has plundered our
seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our
people.
He is at this time transporting
large armies of foreign
mercenaries to complete the works of
death, desolation and
tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely
paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a
civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken captive
on the high seas to bear arms against their Country, to become the executioners
of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.
He
has excited domestic
insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants
of our frontiers, the merciless indian
savages, whose known rule of warfare, is
an undistinguished
destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
In every stage of
these oppressions we have
Petitioned for Redress in the humble terms: our repeated Petitions have been
answered only by
injury.
A Prince
whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is
unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have we been wanting in
attentions to our British brethren.
We have warned them from time to
time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction
over us.
We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement
here.
We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and
they have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these
usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and
correspondence.
They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of
consanguinity.
We must, therefore,
acquiesce in the
necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as they hold the
rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace
Friends.
We, therefore, the Representatives of the USA, in General
Congress, Assembled, appealing to the
Supreme Judge of the world
for the rectitude of our
intentions, do, in the name, and by authority of the good People of these
Colonies, solemnly publish
and declare, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be Free
and Independent States.
They are absolved from all allegiance to the
British Crown, and
that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is
and ought to be totally dissolved.
As Free and
Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace,
contract alliances, establish
commerce, and to do all other acts and things which Independent States may of
right do.
To support this Declaration, with
a firm reliance on the
protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our
lives, our Fortunes and our
Sacred Honor.
Thomas Jefferson
Signers of the Declaration:
New Hampshire: Josiah
Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton
Massachusetts: Samuel Adams,
John Adams, John Hancock, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry
Rhode
Island: Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery
Connecticut: Roger Sherman,
Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott
New York: William
Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris
New Jersey: Richard
Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark
Pennsylvania: Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush,
Benjamin
Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James
Wilson, George Ross
Delaware: George Read, Caesar Rodney, Thomas
McKean
Maryland: Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles
Carroll of Carrollton
Virginia: George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas
Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter
Braxton
North Carolina: William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn
South Carolina: Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch,
Jr., Arthur Middleton
Georgia: Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George
Walton
"When the government fears the people there is
liberty;
when the people fear the government there is tyranny."
Thomas
Jefferson
-
government are instituted among the
people, deriving their just powers from the consent of the
governed;
- when
government usurps power without consent it is the right of the people to alter
or to abolish it, and to institute new government;
-
representative democratic
republican government power derives from the people;
-
legal shenanigans allowed
ownership of assets used in enterprise, a corporation, to be considered a
person for representative purposes;
- although the current form of
US government appears to be representative of individual interests it is
in fact representative of
corporate interests.
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