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"My own LSD experiences is that all aspects of
the world
become meaningful rather than
meaningless." - Alan Watts
1949 LSD suggested as a tool in
psychotherapy.
The following year saw the first studies in
medical/psychiatric journals.
"The potential of LSD seems to be
extraordinary and unique.
The
ability of LSD to
deepen, intensify and accelerate the psychotherapeutic process is
incomparably greater than that of any other drug used as an adjunct to
psychotherapy, with the exception perhaps of some other
entheogens." - Stanislav
Grof
The Czechoslovakian psychiatrist Stanislav Grof treated
psychological problems with lysergic acid diethylamide for several years while
legal.
1950 to 1965
LSD is used in
conjunction with therapy on an estimated 40,000 people worldwide with
generally good results.
International symposia are held in Princeton,
London and Amsterdam.
1953 CIA case officer dispatched to
Basil, Switzerland.
Sandoz agrees to
sell its entire supply - 10 kilograms - for $240,000.
Sidney Gottlieb
learns Sandoz is afraid of LSD and has no desire to protect the patent.
Sidney tasks Eli Lilly to work on manufatcuring LSD.
Subproject
6 - pay Eli Lilly chemists to synthsize LSD.
Subproject 73 - does LSD
makes a subject easier to hypnosis?
Harris Isbell of Addiction
Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky is contracted by Gottlieb to run a
series of experiments on prisoners.
One was William Henry Wall, From Healing to Hell.
Another was Eddie
Flowers,"It was the worse shit I ever had."
Another was James "Whitie"
Bulger.
Was Whitey Bulger's murderous life down to LSD testing by the
CIA?
After learning of Whitey Bulger LSD tests, juror has
regrets
1955 Subproject
42 - Operation Midnight Climax
Harry Anslinger's most flamboyant
agent George Hunter White sets up a "pad" at 225 Chestnut Street on Telegraph
Hill.
Agent prostitutes are paid $100 to
surreptitiously dose clients drinks with LSD and perform sex.
"When
he wasn't operating a national security whorehouse White would
cruise the streets
tracking down drug pushers." - Federal Bureau of Narcotics
"The LSD,
that was just the tip of the iceberg. Write this down: espionage,
assassination, dirty tricks, drug experiments,
sexual encounters, and the study of prostitution for clandestine use.
That's what I did working for George White and the CIA." - Ira Feldman
1956 Gerald Heard and Sidney Cohen adminster LSD
to AA co-founder Bill Wilson and Aldous Huxley.
"A friend of mine, saved
from alcoholism, during the last fatal phases of the disease, by a spontaneous
theophany, which changed his life as completely as St. Paul's was changed on
the road to Damascus, has taken lysergic acid two or three times and affirms
that his experience under the drug is identical with the
spontaneous experience
which changed his life - the only difference being that the
spontaneous
experience did not last so long as the chemically induced one. There is,
obviously, a field here for serious and reverent experimentation." - Aldous
Huxley to Father Thomas Merton, January 10, 1959
1959 Timothy Leary is chewing
Magic Mushrooms.
Ken
Kesey is the 25-year-old holder of a fellowship in creative writing at Stanford
University, supplementing his grant by earning $75 a day on one of the
government's drug research program at Menlo Park Veterans' Hospital.
Part of an intellectual colony in Perry Lane, Stanford's answer to
Greenwich Village, Kesey is awakened by psychedelics.
Kesey,
creative juices bubbling with LSD and
peyote, writes One Flew
Over the Cuckoo's Nest.
1961 Lauretta Bender
chooses fourteen autistic boys and girls to inject with LSD at Creedmore State
Hospital.
Over the next four years see adds more children and increased
the dose from 25 micrograms once a week to 150 milligrams a day administered in
two doses.
By 1969 Lauretta Bender had produced 8 key articles on LSD
and autism after experimenting on 89 children.
There was no control
group and no objective metrics.
"Right from the start the
acid culture was fueled by a loosely knit counterculture-conglomerate -
that mingled Harvard
lawyers, low-level Chicago
gangsters, Swiss bankers, New York
jet setters, gold smugglers, Wall Street brokers, Bahamian bankers and
real estate hustlers,
university professors, international
financiers, shifty lawyers,
brilliant chemists, Hell's
Angels, and young heirs of old WASP money." - Mary Jo Warth, The Acid
Profiteers: Drop-Out, Turn-On, Cash-In, Village Voice
Charles
Rumsey, a nephew of Averell Harriman, become a
missionary for LSD among the Manhattan set.
William Mellon Hitchcock invests.
1963 Harvard University
fires Timothy Leary.
William Mellon Hitchcock charges nominal rent for a
55-room mansion in Millbrook, New York.
Hitchcock relegates himself to
the four-bedroom gardener's cottage with a Japanese bath in the basement and
keeps his jet helicopter in the barn.
Rumsey sends many new disciples to
Millbrook for the experimental weekend workshops with Timothy
Leary.
Millbrook becomes an experimenters' playground, encouraged by
Hitchcock's seemingly endless
charity.
Millbrook became the home of the Castalia
Foundation, based on Herman Hesse's book The Glass Bead Game.
In the book, Castalia was the name of an intellectual
colony.
"Leary and Hitchcock, who claim to be running "experiments" in the LSD field, are
actually hosts to
a monster party which often fills the
mansion with 50 or 60 hippies at a time,
eyeballs full of
the latest batch of LSD,
descending into
a five-year-long acid-soaked Millbrook
melee." - Mary Jo Warth
1965 The Acid Tests
begin.
Trip was
the word for an LSD session, borrowed from the term used by the US Army for
LSD experiments.
Allen Welsh Dulles orders
100 million doses of LSD from Sandoz.
The CIA and Army spends tens of
millions of dollars "testing" LSD, code name EA 1729, and other chemical and
biological agents.
Contracts go out to
forty-eight different
institutions for testing.
The
CIA conceals participation
by contracting to various colleges, hospitals, prisons, mental hospitals, and
private foundations.
"No physical examination of the subject is
required prior to the administration of LSD. A doctor need not be present.
Doctors might be
called for in the hope they make a diagnosis of
mental breakdown which
would be useful in discrediting the subject of
interest."
"The drug Gottlieb and his CIA
colleagues hoped would control humanity had the opposite effect. In 1966 LSD
was banned in California. The federal governmnet soon followed. Richard Nixon
called Timothy Leary the "most dangerous man in America." - Stephen Kinzer,
Poisoner in Chief
Richard Helms argues
administering drugs, including poisoned LSD, to unwitting individuals is the
only realistic method of understanding the capability of the intended
operational use in influencing human
behavior.
1966 Remaining stockpile begins to
be passed out across America in the hopes of upending the anti-war
movement.
Get the youth -
Black,
Latino,
Wasp,
Wop,
Rich and
Poor alike - all involved
in a big dope party
!
Possession of LSD becomes a misdemeanour punishable by a fine of
$1,000 or one year in prison; manufacture or sale could, as a felony, bring one
to five years for the first offence and two to ten years for further
offences.
1967
Harold Abramson
publishes The Use of LSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism.
June 1967 Augustus Owsley Stanley III passes out Purple
Barrel Monterey International Pop Festival.
Jimi Hendrix
~ Hey Joe
Janis Joplin ~ Ball & Chain
Association ~
Along Comes Mary
Otis Redding
~ Try a little tenderness
Simon &
Garfunkel ~ Sounds of Silence
Buffalo
Springfield ~ For What It's Worth
Mamas &
the Papas ~ California Dreamin'
Canned Heat & Jefferson
Airplane ~ Monterey Pop Festival
Summer of
Love 100,000 young
people sporting hippie fashions of dress converge in neighborhood of
Haight-Ashbury, San Francisco.
A massive dose of LSD
increases sense experience to the
point where the left brain
talking-to-myself consciousness, "little voice",
experiences a "white out"
which leads to a vacant rational memory
of the experience.
The amount of disruption of
left brain acculturation
is directly proportional to the dose -
the higher the dose, the more
disruption.
The
best way to describe to a left brain what it is like in the
right brain visual would be
the paintings
of Alex Grey.
But that is only visual and a poor description as
the colors are heard
and not seen, they taste weird, smell funny,
and keep slapping, pinching, caressing and sticking you with
more and more sensory
information.
San Francisco - Scott McKenzie
1968 Sonoma County underground chemistry lab of Tim Scully and
Nicholas Sand is producing Orange Sunshine - ALD-52 or
1-acetyl-LSD.
"Inducing a hyper-associative state may have
implications for the enhancement of creativity." -
"Over
his long life, Albert Hofmann (the first chemist to synthesize lysergic acid
diethylamide) took LSD many times.
Albert Hofmann developed
a personal mysticism involving
nature, for which he had a lifelong passion.
One thing this
very tolerant man
decried in the Western drive for
facile satisfaction
was an alienation from nature.
The use of LSD made him more and more
conscious of it.
In
nature Albert Hofmann saw "a
miraculous, powerful, unfathomable reality." - Robert Stone
1970 Hundreds of articles on the uses of LSD in therapy have
appeared in the Journal of the American
Medical Association, the Journal of Psychology, the Archives
of General Psychiatry, the Quarterly Journal of Studies of
Alcoholism as well as many non-English-language journals.
Psychiatric and
psychotherapeutic conferences have
segments devoted to LSD, and two professional organizations are formed for this
specialty, one in Europe and the other in North America.
"LSD and other
psychedelics function
more or less as nonspecific catalysts and
amplifiers of the psyche.
In the dosages used in human experimentation, the
classical
psychedelics do not have any specific pharmacological effects.
They increase the
energetic niveau in the psyche and the body which leads to
manifestation of
otherwise latent psychological processes.
The content and nature of
the experiences that these substances induce are thus
not artificial products of
their pharmacological interaction with the brain ("toxic psychosis"), but
authentic expressions of
the psyche revealing its functioning on levels not ordinarily available for
observation and study.
A person who has taken LSD does not have an
"LSD experience," but takes a journey
into deep recesses of his or her own psyche." - Stanislav Grof
"LSD has a
high-risk/high-reward ratio.
Lysergic acid diethylamide requires a time
commitment - an LSD trip can last as long as 20 hours.
Early rituals suggest a
deliberate, thoughtful approach to drug use.
Leary's ideas about
"set and setting" emphasized
the importance of the
psychological state of the user as well as the environment in which the
drug would be used.
The way to avoid a bad hallucinogenic experience has
to do with how well you know yourself and how willing you are to
remove yourself from bad-vibe
people and excessive external stimuli, like
televisions or
ringing phones.
If we're looking for a yardstick
to measure how people's feelings about consciousness have changed over 40
years, we could do worse than
to consider the
enormous philosophical gulf between LSD and, say, Prozac®.
Whereas one expands consciousness, the other belongs
to a class of drugs whose phenomenal success rests largely on their ability
to keep the mind from
expanding into uncomfortable places (ie
facing reality
squarely).
One
reduces a person's 'functionality' by questioning reality,
the other is about being
'functional' while questioning little." - Meghan Daum
2020
Acute dose-dependent effects of lysergic acid diethylamide in a
double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy
subjects
Conclusion: We characterized the effects of LSD at
different doses to support the dosing of LSD for research and LSD-assisted
therapy.
LSD exhibited dose-proportional PKs and first-order
elimination.
It produced significant dose-dependent subjective
responses starting at the 25µg dose.
A ceiling effect was
observed for good drug effects at the 100µg dose.
The 200µg
dose induced more ego dissolution but also more anxiety than the 100µg
dose.
These results may assist with dose finding for future LSD
research.
Ketanserin almost completely prevented the response to the
high (200µg) dose of LSD, thus confirming the critical role of 5-HT2A
receptors in mediating psychedelic effects of LSD.
and you
will:
eat
beans and try to fly;
get in a fatal accident on
your bicycle;
stare at the sun
until your eyes burn out;
give birth to
thalidomide fish out of fright;
get lost in the bottom of
a rabbit hole somewhere. |
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