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Socrates questioned everything and
everyone, offending the Archons.
He was found quilty of
heresy as charged and
sentenced to drink hemlock which cost him his life. |
"The
truth is that I have no
regular disciples:
if anyone wants to listen while I am pursuing my quest, whether he be
young or old, he may freely come.
I must tell the truth - the result of my
quest revealed:
I
found that the men most in repute were foolish;
and that 'inferior' men were
really wiser and better."
Socrates
"Ever
since Plato first perceived that the
inquiry into
the nature of the good life
of the individual was necessarily associated with a converging (and not
parallel) inquiry into the
nature of the good community, a close and continuing association has
persisted between political
philosophy and philosophy in
general.
Not only have most of
the eminent
philosophers contributed generously to
the main stock of our political
ideas, but they have given the
political theorist many of his methods of analysis and
criteria of judgment.
Historically, the main difference between philosophy and
political philosophy has
been a matter of
specialization rather than
one of method or temper.
By virtue of this alliance, political theorists accepted as needed
the basic quest of the philosopher
for systematic knowledge." - Sheldon S. Wolin, Politics and
Vision
The Cave you Fear to enter
contains your Soul.
Introduce your consciousness stream to your Soul.
The Soul of Man is defined as:
The heart of one's essence.
An individual's emotional or moral nature.
The disembodied spirit
of a dead human.
The central or integral part; the vital core.
A spark of God's soul embedded in human flesh.
The essence of
an individual that holds conscience.
The seat of real life or vitality;
source of action; animating essential part.
A personification as the
perfect embodiment of an intangible quality.
Noble manifestation of the
heart or moral nature; inherent power or goodness.
The spiritual nature
of humans, sometimes regarded as immortal, separable from the body at death;
susceptible to happiness or misery in a future state.
The animating and
vital principle in humans, credited with the faculties of thought, action, and
emotion and often conceptualized as an immaterial entity.
The spiritual,
rational, and immortal part in man which enables him to think.
There is
some disagreement as to what
exactly the Soul may be.
622
BC Landed aristocracy rules Athens.
The economy depended on
surrounding farms, especially the large estates owned by rich noble families,
the aristocracy.
Nearly all government decisions and operations are in
the hands of a half-dozen leaders called archons and lesser officials called
magistrates.
Indebtedness magnified the hatred of the commoners towards
the aristocrats.
A poor farmer had to borrow seed from a rich landowner
to plant his crops.
In
share cropping the farmer pay his debt
with a share of the harvest.
Those without
land had to work as tenants by renting
farm plots.
Draco carves his laws on an oak
column.
According to Aristotle, one of the few ancient sources we have
for Draconian Law, these magik runes are stained with human blood, not
ink.
Draconian laws
severely punished lawbreakers.
594
BC Seeing disaster looming, both the aristocracy and common people of
Athens support the election of Solon as primary
archon.
Athenians grant Solon, age 35, nearly unlimited powers to write
new laws.
The Athenians chose Solon to
mediate their crisis for several
reasons.
The aristocrats approve that he is of noble birth.
The
commoners truste him as a merchant
who trades for a living.
Solon suggested that all the citizens of
Athens were responsible for the common good - not just the ruling archons and
magistrates.
Solon attempted to make the court system fair to the lower
classes.
"To the people I have given such honor as is sufficient,
neither taking away nor granting them more.
For those who had power and
were great in riches, I greatly cared that they should suffer nothing wrong.
Thus I stood, holding my strong shield over both, and I did not allow
either side to prevail against justice." - Solon
He made it possible for
any citizen to step forward and seek justice.
Before only the actual
victim of wrongdoing could make a complaint.
The powerful could easily
threaten victims to discourage
complaints.
Solon's law code is based on two fundamental principles.
The first is laws are fixed and not easily changed.
The second
is laws must apply equally to everyone, aristocrats and commoners alike.
Solon's code of law covered virtually every aspect of life—theft,
treason, taxation,
vagrancy, adoption, boundaries, loans, and religion, among many others.
Solon rejected all but one Draconian law — the homicide
law.
Solon's laws differed greatly from Draco's code.
He made it
a crime to publicly speak evil of either the living or the dead.
Solon
allowed a husband to kill an adulterer caught in the act.
A theft
committed at night or in a public place
carried a weighter penalty.
Solon's laws focused on compensating
victims and preventing future conflicts.
404 BC Spartan imposes an oligarchy that rules Athens after
the Peloponnesian War.
Thirty commissioners are appointed to the
oligarchy led by Critias.
The oppressive regime fosters a bloody purge,
in which perhaps 1,500 residents are killed.
Moderates flee the city;
gather a force, they returned to defeat the tyrants' forces in a battle at
Piraeus in 403. |
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