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Socrates questioned everything and
everyone, offending the Archons.
He was found quilty of
heresy as charged
and sentenced to drink hemlock which cost him his life. |
"The
truth is that I have no
regular disciples:
if anyone wants to listen while I am pursuing my quest, whether he be
young or old, he may freely come.
I must tell the truth - the result of my
quest revealed:
I
found that the men most in repute were foolish;
and that 'inferior' men were
really wiser and better."
Socrates
"Ever since Plato first perceived that the
inquiry into
the nature of the good
life of the individual was necessarily associated with a converging (and
not parallel) inquiry into the nature of the good
community, a close and continuing association has persisted between
political philosophy and
philosophy in
general.
Not only have most of
the eminent
philosophers contributed generously to
the main stock of our political
ideas, but they have given the
political theorist many of his methods of analysis and
criteria of judgment.
Historically, the main difference between philosophy and
political philosophy has
been a matter of
specialization rather than
one of method or temper.
By virtue of this alliance, political theorists accepted as needed
the basic quest of the
philosopher for systematic knowledge." -
Sheldon S. Wolin, Politics and Vision
The Cave you Fear to Enter
Contains your Eternal Soul.
Introduce your consciousness
stream to your Soul.
The
Soul of Man is defined
as:
The heart of one's
essence.
An
individual's emotional or moral nature.
The disembodied spirit of a dead
human.
The
central or integral part; the vital core.
A spark of God's soul
embedded in human flesh.
The essence of an individual that
holds conscience.
The
seat of real life or vitality;
source of action;
animating essential
part.
A
personification as the perfect embodiment of an intangible quality.
Noble manifestation of
the heart or moral
nature; inherent power or
goodness.
The spiritual
nature of humans, sometimes
regarded as immortal, separable from the body at
death; susceptible
to happiness or misery in a future state.
The animating and vital
principle in humans, credited with the faculties of
thought, action, and emotion and
often conceptualized as an
immaterial entity.
The
spiritual, rational, and immortal part in man which enables him to
think.
There is some disagreement as to
what exactly the Soul may
be.
622
BC Landed aristocracy rules Athens.
The economy depended on
surrounding farms, especially the large estates owned by rich noble families,
the aristocracy.
Nearly all government decisions and operations are in
the hands of a half-dozen leaders called Archons and lesser officials called
magistrates.
Indebtedness magnified the hatred of the commoners towards
the aristocrats.
A poor farmer had to borrow seed from a rich landowner
to plant his crops.
In
share cropping the farmer pay his debt
with a share of the harvest.
Those without
land had to work as tenants by renting
farm plots.
Draco carves his laws on an oak
column.
According to Aristotle, one of the few ancient sources we have
for Draconian Law, these magik runes are stained with human blood, not
ink.
Draconian laws
severely punished lawbreakers.
594
BC Seeing disaster looming, both the aristocracy and common people of
Athens support the election of Solon as
primary
Archon.
Athenians grant Solon, age 35, nearly unlimited powers to
write new laws.
The Athenians chose Solon to
mediate their crisis for several
reasons.
The aristocrats approve that he is of noble birth.
The
commoners trust him as a merchant
who trades for a living.
Solon suggested that
all the citizens of
Athens were responsible for the common good - not just
the ruling archons and
magistrates.
Solon
attempted to make the court system fair to the lower classes.
"To the
people I have given such honor as is sufficient, neither taking away nor
granting them more.
For those who had power and were great in riches, I
greatly cared that they should suffer nothing wrong.
Thus I stood,
holding my strong shield over both, and I did not allow either side to prevail
against justice." - Solon
He made it possible for any citizen to step
forward and seek justice.
Before only the actual victim of wrongdoing
could make a complaint.
The powerful could easily
threaten victims to discourage
complaints.
Solon's law code is based on two fundamental principles.
The first is laws are fixed and not easily changed.
The second
is laws must apply equally to everyone, aristocrats and commoners alike.
Solon's code of law covered virtually every aspect of life -
theft,
treason, taxation,
vagrancy, adoption, boundaries,
loans, and religion, among many others.
Solon rejected all but one
Draconian law - the homicide law.
Solon's laws differed greatly from
Draco's code.
He made it a crime to publicly speak evil of either the
living or the dead.
Solon allowed a husband to kill an adulterer caught
in the act.
A theft committed at night or in a public place carried a
weighter penalty.
Solon's laws focused on
compensating victims and preventing
future conflicts.
536 When Pythagoras turned eighteen
Polycrates gained
power.
Herodotus
devotes a large section of Histories to the rise and fall of
Polycrates.
"O King, when I caught this fish, I thought best not to take
it to market, although I am a man who lives by his hands, but it seemed to me
worthy of you and your greatness; and so I bring and offer it to you.”
Polycrates was pleased with what the fisherman said; “You have
done very well,” he answered, “and I give you double thanks, for your
words and for the gift; and I invite you to dine with me.”
Proud
of this honor, the fisherman went home; but the servants, cutting up the fish,
found in its belly Polycrates' seal-ring.
As soon as they saw and
seized it, they brought it with joy to Polycrates, and giving the ring to him
told him how it had been found.
Polycrates saw the hand of heaven; he
wrote a letter and sent it to Egypt, telling all he had done, and what had
happened." - Herodotus,
Histories
404 BC Spartan
imposes an oligarchy that rules Athens after the Peloponnesian War.
Thirty commissioners are appointed to the oligarchy led by Critias.
The oppressive regime fosters a bloody purge, in which perhaps 1,500
residents are killed.
Moderates flee the city; gather a force, they
returned to defeat the tyrants' forces in a battle at Piraeus in
403.
Nature does nothing uselessly.
Aristotle pens MetaPhysics.
Metaphysics introduces
matter and form and the four causes - material, formal, efficient and final.
For example, to explain a statue, one can offer:
The material
cause is the marble or bronze.
The formal cause is the shape the
sculptor carves.
The efficient cause, or agent, is the sculptor.
The final cause is the
purpose for which the statue is made.
There can be no potentiality
without actuality.
Although motion is eternal there cannot be
an infinite series of
movers.
Therefore there must be
an Initial Cause or
Mover.
The Mover itself must remain unmoved.
The Mover sits remaining
unmoved contemplating its navel.
Nothing reaches the Mover and
this is why It remains
unmoving.
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