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Enûma Elish has
about a thousand lines and is recorded in the
Akkadian language on seven clay tablets.
Enûma Elish has
existed in various versions and copies since 1700 BC.
Enûma Elish
describes six
generations of gods whose creations parallel the days of creation in
Genesis, followed by a
divine rest.
In the Enûma Elish and
Genesis, the creation proceeds
in the same order, beginning with the
prevalent light and
ending with mankind.
Enûma Elish names three primeval gods:
Apsû, the
fresh water, Tiamat,
the saltwater, and their son
Mummu, the
mist.
Apsû is the aquifer in Sumerian
mythology.
Tiamat is a combination of the Sumerian words ti = life
and ama = mother meaning "the mother
of all life."
Tiamat controlled
the nutrients in the
aquifer.
In ancient Sumerian, the word mummu
translates to "the one who has
awoken."
The ancient empire of Sumeria, modern day
Iraq, collapsed when the soil at the site of
ancient Sumer on the central flood plain of the Euphrates river became
laden with salt due to unsustainable
irrigation practices.
Was it on the flood plain of the Euphrates
river the myth of Noah's Ark swam?
Incantation of Nudimmud:
"On
that day when there is no snake, no scorpion, no hyena, no lion nor wolf, there
is thus neither fear nor trembling, man has
no rival!
At such a time, may the lands of
Cubur and Hamazi, the many-tongued, and Sumer, the great mountain of
magnificence, and Akkad, the land possessing all that is befitting, and the
Martu land -- may they all address Enlil
together in a single language!
For at that time, for the ambitious
lords, for the ambitious princes, for the ambitious kings --
Enkidu, the lord of abundance and of
steadfast decisions, the wise and knowing Lord of the Land, chosen for wisdom,
shall change the speech in their mouths so the speech of mankind is truly one."
Ugarit
6000 BC Ugarit foundations are laid in the Neolithic
period.
1800 BC Ebla and Ugarit are under
Egyptian hegemony.
The population of Ugarit is roughly 7635
people.
"Recent archeological digs have provided evidence that
Jerusalem was a big and
fortified city already in 1800 BC.
Findings show that the
sophisticated water system heretofor attributed to the followers of
Akhenaten the Heretic pre-dated them by
eight centuries and was even more sophisticated than imagined.
Dr.
Ronny Reich, who directed the excavation along with Eli Shuikrun, said the
entire system was built as a single complex by Canaanites in the Middle Bronze
Period, around 1800 BC." - The Jewish Bulletin, July 31,
1998
1450 to 1220
BC The
people of Ugarit were the Canaanites, precursors to the Phoenicians.
Recognizing human speech
consisted of only a finite number of sounds they devised 30 symbols from which
alphabets of phonetic
languages are derived.
The style of writing at Ugarit is alphabetic
cuneiform, a unique blending of two alphabetic script, like Hebrew, and
cuneiform, like Akkadian.
An evolved mythology
parallel that of Enûma Elish can be found in the Baal cycle recovered in
the Canaanite city of Ugarit which include "Legend of
Keret", "Legend of Danel", "Myth of
Baal-Aliyan" and "Death of Baal".
Ugaritic literature is composed in
poetic metre.
Qinah
metre, bi and tri colas, and all of the poetic tools found in the
Septuagint are found in
Ugaritic poetry.
Ugarit is at its height politically, religiously and
economically.
1175 BC Hittite, Mycenaean and
Mitanni civilizations collapse.
The
Sea Peoples may have been involved with the end of the
kingdoms.
Ashkenaz
Greek Age of
Bronze
The Sherden, the Shekelesh, the Peleset
1220
BC The land known as Canaan was situated in the territory of the
southern Levant, which today encompasses
Israel, the West Bank and
Gaza, Jordan, and the
southern portions of Syria
and Lebanon.
Many
names have been given to this area including Palestine,
Eretz-Israel, Bilad es-Shem,
the Holy Land and Djahy.
The earliest known name for this area was "Canaan."
"When the
Lord your God has cut off the nations whose land the Lord your God is giving
you, and you dispossess them and dwell in their cities and in their houses." -
Deuteronomy 19:1
When the Cult
of Yahweh informed tribes defeated the Canaanite kings in battle they
simply took over preexisting infrastructure.
"I have given you a land
for which you did not labor and cities which you did not build, and you dwell
in them; you eat of the vineyards and olive groves which you did not plant" -
Joshua 24:13
There was no need to build new cities, Yaweh delivered
the existing cities.
El was the chief god at
Ugarit.
El is called the
"Father of Men", "Creator", and "Creator of the Creation".
Other
deities worshiped at Ugarit were El Shaddai, El Elyon, and El
Berith.
The tribe of
Abraham worshiped these variations of the
'Creator' along with, and sometimes instead of,
Yahweh.
This biblical denunciation
of the Canaanite gods in understandable in the light of the Ugaritic texts, for
at Ugarit these were the very
gods worshiped.
Psalms were originally Ugaritic or Canaanite hymns
to El which were adopted by the followers of Abraham, much like the American
National Anthem was set to a beer hall
tune with lyrics by Francis Scott Key.
In Psalms and the Ugaritic
texts acclaim Yahweh for the
attributes of El.
Among the inhabitants of Ugarit,
Yahweh was viewed as a son of
El.
The names of
El Shaddai, El Elyon, and
El Berith are applied to Yahweh by the
writers of the
Septuagint.
Hebrew theologians adopted the
titles of Canaanite gods and attributed them to Yahweh in an effort to
assimilate and synthesize culture in a manner no different than the
Egyptians, the
Babylonians and the
Romans.
The most
important of the Canaanite lesser gods were;
Baal;
Asherah; Yam, god of the sea,
and Mot, god of death.
Yam is the Hebrew word for sea.
Mot is the Hebrew word for
death.
Asherah, is called the wife of Baal in the
Septuagint.
In
the Cult of Yaweh, Hohkma is the
female counterpart of Yahweh.
Rebranded as Esther(good) or
Lilith(bad); mortal consort of
Yahweh.
"When they did evolve, when the ancient Hebrew tribes put
together their notion of Yahweh by combining YHVH and the Elohim gods ("Elohim"
is plural), and borrowing from other religions, they put together a Yahweh from
which, in some important ways,
we are still
suffering.
Biblical scholars are clear Yahweh evolved from a tribal
chief, and has always kept much of the authoritarian character of that ancient
tribal chief.
The
covenant between Yahweh and his people was
based on an earlier Hittite social
contract between a ruler and his subjects.
That
covenant says:
"I'll be your ruler and you will be my
people.
I'll protect you
if you obey, and punish you
if you disobey."
That's
the attitude that still lets
Western believers move way too effortlessly to
persecuting or murdering those who believe
differently.
It's been harder to shrug Yahweh off as irrelevant, as
followers will kill you -
martyrs throughout history have
discovered the hard way." - Davidson Loehr
1213
BC Merneptah Stele discovered in 1896 by Flinders Petrie and first
translated by Wilhelm Spiegelberg.
The bulk of the inscription deals
with Merneptah's victory over the Libyans except:
"Canaan has been
plundered into every sort of woe:
Ashkelon has
been overcome;
Gezer has been captured;
Yano'am is made
non-existent.
Israel is laid waste and his seed is
not."
In the
Septuagint Baal is named 76 times.
The
Septuagint prophets
protested constantly against the worship of Baal, God of
Fertility.
Israelites viewed
Yahweh as a warrior god of the
desert; when they arrived in Canaan they thought it only proper to adopt
Baal, God of Fertility.
The central Ugaritic myth is the legend of
Baal's enthronement as
king.
In the story, Baal is killed by Mot in the Fall and remains
dead until the Spring of the year when he is
reborn and re-enthroned
as king.
The Septuagint celebrates the enthronement of
Yahweh.
As in the Ugaritic myth, the purpose of enthronement is to
re-enact
creation.
Yahweh
overcomes death by continuously acting to bestow life.
The major
metaphorical subconscious difference between the Ugaritic myth and the biblical
hymns is that the kingship of Yahweh is
eternal while the kingship of
Baal is interrupted every year by
his death in the Fall.
When
the God of Fertility dies in the Fall, the vegetation dies; and then the
vegetation is reborn in the Spring to replenish Earth.
Israel and
Ugarit both practiced a yearly ritual known as the sending out of the
"scapegoats"; one for god
and one for a demon.
The Cult of Yaweh sent a
goat into the wilderness for
Azazel, a demon, and a goat
into the wilderness for Yahweh.
This rite is known as a "eliminatory" rite; that is, corruption, in
this case communal sin, is placed
on the head of the goat and it is sent away.
Magically the communal sin is
removed from the community.
"Aaron is to lay
both hands on the head of the live goat and confess over it all the
wickedness and rebellion of the
Israelites - all their sins - and put them on the goat's head. Aaron shall send
the goat away into the desert in the care of a man appointed for the task. The
goat will carry on itself all their sins to a solitary place; and the man shall
release it into the desert." - Leviticus 16:21-22
The same ritual was
performed at Ugarit; with one notable difference - at Ugarit a woman priest
was involved in the ritual as well.
The rituals performed in Ugaritic
worship involved a great deal of
entheogens and sexual
promiscuity.
Magically performing the
reenactment of fertilization the worshipers were
demonstrating to Baal how to
send rain for the cannabis crops.
Rain and
semen,
of the same essence,
both produced fruit.
Worshipers in
fertility religions typically behaved in this manner.
Cult of Yaweh priests were
forbidden to partake of
entheogens while performing rituals and females were barred from the precincts of the
temple, a patriarchal
approach of severe separation of self from emotion as opposed to
a compassionate
matriarchal approach of communal passion as in
India.
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