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"From the time
kids are old enough
to turn on the television, public airwaves encourage teens watching
television to drink alcohol." - Gary Cifra
1906 "Denaturing"
process is required for manufacturers that want to avoid taxes levied on
potable spirits.
October 28, 1919 Congress
passed the Volstead Act.
mid-1920s Treasury Department estimates
60 million gallons of industrial alcohol are being stolen annually.
1926
Calvin Coolidge turns to
chemistry as an enforcement tool.
Some 70 denaturing formulas exist.
denature: de·na·ture [dee-ney-cher] verb (used with
object), de·na·tured, de·na·tur·ing.
1. to deprive (something) of its natural character, properties, etc.
2. to render (any of various alcohols) unfit for drinking by adding an
unwholesome substance that does not alter usefulness for other purposes.
3. Biochemistry . to treat (a protein or the like) by chemical or
physical means so as to alter its original state.
4. to make
(fissionable material) unsuitable for use in an atomic weapon by mixing it with
unfissionable material.
Most simply add methyl alcohol into the mix.
Others used bitter-tasting
compounds that were less lethal, designed to make the alcohol taste so
awful that it became undrinkable.
To sell the stolen industrial
alcohol, the liquor syndicates employed
alchemists to
"renature" the products, returning them to a drinkable state.
Stolen
redistilled alcohol becomes the primary source of liquor.
Treasury Department
officials demand 10%
methanol be added to all ethanol
manufactured.
Christmas Eve 1926
Streets aglitter with snow and
lights a man afraid of Santa Claus
stumbles into the emergency room at New York City's Bellevue Hospital. He is
flushed, gasping with fear: Santa Claus, he tells the
nurses, is chasing him with a baseball bat.
The toxin-induced hallucination -
a paroxysm of death -
tallied up more than 60 people made desperately ill from
methanol
poisoning - eight dead.
Within the next two days, another 23 people
died.
In New York City, 1,200 are sickened by
methanol; 400
die.
Doctors see methanol toxicity regularly during Prohibition.
The bootlegged whiskies and so-called gins often made people sick.
The liquor produced in hidden stills frequently came tainted with
methanol.
This outbreak was bizarrely different.
The deaths came
courtesy of the Treasury
Department.
"The government knows it is not stopping drinking by
putting poison in alcohol." - New York City medical examiner
Charles
Norris
1927
Deaths in New York City climb to 700.
By this time denaturing formulas
included notable poisons - kerosene and brucine (a plant
alkaloid closely related to strychnine),
gasoline,
benzene,
cadmium, iodine, zinc,
mercury salts,
nicotine,
ether,
formaldehyde,
chloroform, camphor,
carbolic acid,
quinine, and acetone.
"Normally, no government would engage in such business. It is only in the
curious fanaticism of Prohibition that any
means, however barbarous, are considered justified." - Chicago Tribune
editorial 1927
"Must Uncle Sam guarantee safety first for souses?" -
Omaha Bee
1928 "Practically all the liquor that
is sold in New York today is toxic!" -
Charles Norris
Charles Norris assigns his toxicologist, Alexander Gettler, to analyze
confiscated whiskey for poisons and publicized every death by alcohol
poisoning.
Charles Norris points out that most of those sickened and
dying are those "who cannot afford expensive protection and deal in low grade
stuff."
Anti-Prohibition legislation pushes for a halt in the use of
lethal chemistry.
"Only one possessing
the instincts of a wild beast would desire to kill or make blind the man who
takes a drink of liquor, even if he purchased it from one violating the
Prohibition statutes." - Sen. James Reed of Missouri
1933 End of Prohibition: Estimates of at least 10,000 people
from "denaturing".
"Our national experiment in
extermination." - Charles
Norris, the chief medical examiner of New York City during the
1920s
Denaturing program ends only once the 18th Amendment is repealed
in December 1933.
1970s DEA sprays
cannabis fields in Mexico with Paraquat, a herbicide, primarily intended
to destroy crops.
Government officials insist awareness of the toxin
will deter marijuana
users.
A half century later they echo
the official mantra of the 1920s - if some
citizens ended up poisoned, well, they'd brought it upon
themselves.
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