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"I gave up my room on 34th St. because I had too
many young callers who were unwelcome. For this reason please don't tell them
where I am." - Horatio Alger Jr.
"From the time
kids are old enough to turn
on the television, public airwaves encourage teens watching television to
drink alcohol." - Gary Cifra
1784 Inquiry into
the Effects of Ardent Spirits on the Human Mind and Body catalogues the
consequence of chronic drunkenness.
Benjamin Rush argues this condition
is a disease physicians should be treating.
Rush’s writing marks
the beginning of the American Temperance Movement.
Benjamin Rush
describes one of the earliest pharmacological treatments for chronic
drunkenness - the use of an emetic to create a conditioned aversion to
alcohol.
1826 Lyman Beecher publishes six sermons
on intemperance.
"No sin has fewer apologies than intemperance." - Lyman
Beecher
Lyman Beecher, father of 13 children, wore out Roxana, Harriet
and Lydia.
1857 Home for the Fallen is
opened in Boston – marking the foundation of the 19th century inebriate
home.
1864 New York State Inebriate Asylum
begins admitting patients.
1879 Keeley
Institute, known for its Keeley Cure or Gold Cure, is a
commercial medical operation that offered treatment to alcoholics.
1898 Prince Edward Island bans the importation of
alcohol.
1906 "Denaturing" process is required
for manufacturers that want to avoid taxes levied on potable spirits.
1914 War Measures Act limits the freedom
of Canadians.
1915 Saskatchewan bans the
importation of alcohol.
1916 Alberta, Manitoba
and Ontario ban the importation of alcohol.
1917
British Columbia and New Brunswick ban the importation of alcohol.
April 1, 1918 Any alcohol of more than 2.5 per cent is banned
from importation into Canada.
In addition, there was no
inter-provincial trade of alcohol.
The ban, lasting two years, was the
first and last time national prohibition would be instituted in
Canada.
Sam Bronfman, with his brothers Abe, Harry and Alan ('Bronfman'
is liquor-man in Yiddish) have a modest hotel and prostitution chain.
Bronfmans immediately enter the pharmacy business, selling via mail order,
whiskey, labeling on bottles such as "Rock-A-Bye Cough Cure" and
"Dandy Bracer–Liver and Kidney Cure."
Their "health
tonics" contained sugar, molasses, bluestone(?), 36 percent alcohol, and
tobacco.
October 28, 1919 Congress passed the
Volstead Act.
Sam and Harry opened export houses along the
Saskatchewan-North Dakota border.
They reduced 65-over proof white
alcohol, mixing it with water, a little real whiskey and a touch of burnt
sugar.
A shot of sulfuric acid simulated the aging process.
They
charged $24 per barrel - it sold for up to $140.
"Sam and his brothers
cut distribution deals with a fine cast of businessmen such as Arnold
Rothstein, Meyer Lansky, Charles "Lucky" Luciano, and Arthur
‘Dutch Schultz,’ Flegenheimer.
In Detroit, the "little
Jewish Navy" under Morris Dalit ferried the Bronfman liquor into the US.
In Chicago, James "Big Jim" Colosimo annoyed Sam Bronfman by
showing no interest in buying his liquor, preferring to focus on his already
profitable businesses of drugs, prostitution, and loan-sharking.
But
Big Jim passed away suddenly. His nephew, John Torrio, took over, and wisely
chose to help Bronfman usher his liquor into Chicago.
Torrio’s lieutenant, a gent by the name of Al Capone,
led the operations of bringing Bronfman’s liquor from Saskatchewan to
Minneapolis, then to Chicago, using cars, trucks and the Soo line.
Another gent by the name of Benjamin "Bugs" Siegel – and
Meyer Lansky – were in charge of protecting Bronfman liquor shipments
across the border against hijackers.
To meet the growing demand, Sam
bought up farmland along the border and built an underground pipeline to pump
his liquor – nicknamed, "Seagram Chickencock," a mixture of pure
alcohol, sulfuric acid, caramel, water and aged rye whiskey – into the
USA. Between 1920 and 1930, 34,000 Americans died from alcohol poisoning." -
Frank Parlato
mid-1920s Treasury
Department estimates 60 million gallons of industrial ethanol are being
stolen annually.
"The Prohibition Era in the United States is often
used as an example of how banning recreational substances not only increases
their popularity but also causes a boom in criminal activity. Indeed, it was
Prohibition that greatly increased the strength of the American Mafia, as the
top crime lords of the day grew rich through the clandestine trade and sale of
alcohol in addition to gambling and other activities." - Whitney Webb
Hidden in Plain Sight
1926 Calvin
Coolidge turns to chemistry as an enforcement tool.
Some 70
denaturing formulas exist.
denature: de·na·ture
[dee-ney-cher] verb (used with object), de·na·tured,
de·na·tur·ing.
1. to deprive (something) of its
natural character, properties, etc.
2. to render (any of various
alcohols) unfit for drinking by adding an unwholesome substance that does not
alter usefulness for other purposes.
3. Biochemistry . to treat (a
protein or the like) by chemical or physical means so as to alter its original
state.
4. to make (fissionable material) unsuitable for use in an
atomic weapon by mixing it with unfissionable material.
Most simply add
methyl alcohol into the mix.
Others used
bitter-tasting compounds
that were less lethal, designed to make the alcohol taste so awful that it
became undrinkable.
To sell the stolen industrial alcohol, the liquor
syndicates employed alchemists to "renature" the
products, returning them to a drinkable state.
Stolen redistilled
alcohol becomes the primary source of liquor.
Treasury Department
officials demand 10%
methanol be added to all ethanol
manufactured.
Christmas Eve 1926
Streets aglitter with snow and
lights a man afraid of Santa Claus
stumbles into the emergency room at New York City's Bellevue Hospital. He is
flushed, gasping with fear: Santa Claus, he tells the nurses, is chasing him
with a baseball bat.
The
toxin-induced hallucination
- a paroxysm of death -
tallied up more than 60 people made desperately ill from
methanol poisoning - eight
dead.
Within the next two days, another 23 people died.
In New
York City, 1,200 are sickened by
methanol; 400
die.
Doctors see
methanol toxicity regularly during
Prohibition.
The bootlegged whiskies and so-called gins often made
people sick.
The liquor produced in hidden stills frequently came
tainted with methanol.
This outbreak was bizarrely
different.
The deaths came courtesy of the
Treasury Department.
"The
government knows it is not stopping drinking by putting poison in alcohol." -
New York City medical examiner Charles Norris
1927 Deaths in New York City climb to 700.
By this
time denaturing formulas included notable poisons -
kerosene and brucine (a plant
alkaloid closely related to strychnine),
gasoline,
benzene,
cadmium, iodine,
zinc, mercury salts,
nicotine,
ether,
formaldehyde,
chloroform, camphor,
carbolic acid,
quinine, and
acetone.
"Normally, no
government would engage in such business. It is only in the curious fanaticism
of Prohibition that any
means, however barbarous, are considered justified." - Chicago Tribune
editorial 1927
"Must Uncle Sam guarantee safety first for souses?" -
Omaha Bee
1928 "Practically all the liquor that
is sold in New York today is toxic!" - Charles Norris
Charles Norris
assigns his toxicologist, Alexander Gettler, to
analyze confiscated
whiskey for poisons and publicized every death by alcohol
poisoning.
Charles Norris points out that most of those sickened and
dying are those "who cannot afford expensive protection and deal in low grade
stuff."
Anti-Prohibition legislation pushes for a halt in the use of
lethal chemistry.
"Only one
possessing the instincts of a wild beast would desire to kill or make blind the
man who takes a drink of liquor, even if he purchased it from one violating the
Prohibition statutes." - Sen. James Reed of Missouri
1933 End of Prohibition: Estimates of at least 10,000 people
from "denaturing".
"Our national experiment in
extermination." - Charles
Norris, the chief medical examiner of New York City during the
1920s
Denaturing program ends only once the 18th Amendment is repealed
in December 1933.
1935 Joseph P. Kennedy, the father of John
F. Kennedy, has multiplied his fortune 25x from 4 million dollars to over 100
million dollars smuggling scotch whiskey during
prohibition.
1970s DEA sprays cannabis fields in
Mexico with Paraquat, a herbicide, primarily intended to destroy
crops.
Government officials insist awareness of the toxin will deter
marijuana users.
A half century later they echo the official mantra of the 1920s - if
some citizens ended up poisoned, well, they'd brought it upon
themselves.
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