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1814 George
Peabody opens business in Georgetown, DC as Peabody, Riggs & Company
operating the Georgetown Slave Market.
Heavy government borrowing
to finance the War of 1812 leads to a shortage of capital reserves in existing
banks which leads to the establishment of new banks, thus greatly expanding the
money in circulation.
Duke of Wellington attacks
and forces Napoleon
Bonaparte to abdicate.
Louis XVIII is crowned King of France.
Napoleon Bonaparte is exiled to
the tiny island of Elba, off the coast of Italy.
1815
Napoleon Bonaparte escapes exile
and assembles an army which the Duke of Wellington defeats less than 90 days
later at Waterloo.
Nathan Mayer
Rothschild sends a trusted courier, Rothworth, to Waterloo where he stays
on the edge of the battlefield.
Peabody, Riggs & Company move to
Baltimore where they operated from 1815 to 1835.
George Peabody finds
himself increasingly involved with business originating from London, and in
1835, he established the firm of George Peabody & Company in London.
Nathan Mayer Rothschild funds George
Peabody's ascension into London society.
George Peabody operates in
stock markets with a half million lb on hand, and became very astute in buying
and selling on both sides of the Atlantic. Junius
Spencer Morgan, father of John
Pierpont Morgan, acts as George Peabody's American agent.
George
Peabody later concieves of the idea of tax-exempt charitable foundation by
founding the Peabody Fund established in 1867 with $2 million.
The Peabody
Fund was established to provide money for construction, endowments,
scholarships, teacher and industrial education for newly freed slaves.
The Fund would seek locations where there were sufficient numbers of
students and cooperative public officials who would combine the relatively
small grant with tax money to build the school.
Northern merchantilists
wanted to industrialize the South.
George Peabody is succeeded by Junius
Spencer Morgan.
Junius Spencer Morgan expands the firm's activities by
shipping large quantities of railroad
iron to the US from England.
1816 This
unregulated expansion leads Congress in to
pass a bill permitting yet another privately
owned central bank to regulate the
money supply.
This
bank is called the, "Second Bank of the US," and it's charter is a carbon copy
of its predecessor, the First Bank of the
US.
The US government would once again supposedly owns 20% of the
shares of the bank.
The Second Bank of the US
calls a halt to the expansion of the
money supply and launches the
painful process of contraction which in turn creates the Panic of 1819.
Panic of 1819
Marks the end of the economic expansion that had following the War of 1812.
The first major financial crisis in the US after the depression of the
late 1780s results in widespread foreclosures, bank failures, unemployment, and
a slump in agriculture and manufacturing.
1826
Talley stick is taken out of circulation in England.
1828 Senator Andrew Jackson of Tennessee is elected
President.
1832 Second Bank of the US asks
Congress to pass a renewal of the bank's charter four years early.
Congress complies and sends the bill to Andrew Jackson for signing.
Andrew Jackson vetoes the bill.
Congress is unable to override
Andrew Jackson's veto.
Andrew Jackson stands for re-election and for
the first time in American history he takes re-election campaign on the road.
His campaign slogan is, "Jackson And No Bank!"
1833 Andrew Jackson appoints Roger B. Taney as Secretary of
State for the Treasury, with instructions to start removing the government's
deposits from the Second Bank of the US.
Andrew Jackson's previous two
Secretaries of State for the Treasury, William J. Duane and Louis McLane both
refused to comply with Andrew Jackson's request and were fired as a
result.
Nicholas Biddle blocks Roger B. Taney's nomination and threatens
to cause a depression if the Bank is not re-chartered.
"This worthy
President thinks that because he has scalped Indians and imprisoned judges, he
is to have his way with the Bank. He is mistaken."- Nicholas Biddle
Nicholas Biddle then went on to brazenly admit that the central bank
was intending to make money scarce in order to force the hand of Congress into
re-chartering the bank.
Second Bank of the United States sharply
contracts the money supply by calling in
old loans and refusing to issue new ones.
A financial panic ensues.
"In the fall of 1833 the removal of the deposits was made, and the
Panic of 1834 followed.
The bank, by October, 1834, had contracted it
circulation nearly 20 per cent. When its attempt to coerce a restoration of the
deposits and a renewal of the charter failed it commenced an expansion.
The great expansion produced the disastrous excesses of 1835 and 1836.
The bank is justly responsible for the whole amount of the expansion from the
lowest point of contraction in 1834." - Samuel Jones Tilden
1835 Congress assembles what is called the, "Panic Session,"
and on March 27 Andrew Jackson is officially censured by Congress for
withdrawing funds from the Second Bank of the US, in a vote which passed the
Senate by 26 to 20.
Nicholas Biddle is caught boasting in public about
the bank's plan to crash the
American economy.
In a complete about turn on April 4, the House of
Representatives voted 134 to 82 against re-chartering the Second Bank of the
US.
Second Bank is responsible for receiving and maintaining all the
deposits of the federal government including revenue generated from customs
duties taken from foreign trade as well as sales of federal land in the West.
Second Bank notes are the only notes accepted by the federal government
for payment of federal taxes.
A special committee is established to
investigate whether the Second Bank of the US had caused the crash.
When the investigating committee arrives at the bank's door in
Philadelphia with a subpoena authorizing them to inspect the books, Nicholas
Biddle refuses to give them up, or allow inspection of correspondence with
Congressmen relating to their personal loans and advancements he has made to
them.
Nicholas Biddle also refuses to testify before the committee back
in Washington.
Almost a third of Second Bank stock was held by
foreigners, mostly in Great Britain.
Second Bank charter advantaged
foreign holders of the Bank’s stock over domestic holders because
foreigners were exempt from state and federal taxes on the dividends paid out
to them.
"While the Second Bank did not directly control the
nation’s monetary policy, the large amount of deposits and constant demand
for its notes allowed it indirectly control the money supply of state and
private banks. By accumulating large amounts of other banks’ notes in its
vaults, the Second Bank of the United States could reduce the amount of credit
these banks were capable of issuing by redeeming notes for specie to reduce the
amount of deposits held within the bank. In the same vein, they could allow
credit to expand by holding other banks’ notes in their vaults or
depositing specie into state and private banks , thereby allowing those
institutions to issue more credit. The sheer size of the bank’s balance
sheet gave it a large rein of control over the inner workings of the
nation’s state and private banks."
- Kevin Mulcrone 2017
1836 Charter for the Second
Bank of the US expires, and the bank ceases functioning as America's central
bank.
Nicholas Biddle is later arrested and charged with fraud.
Nicholas Biddle is tried and acquitted but dies in 1844 still battling
civil suits.
Panic of 1837
Bank of England increases
the interest rate paid to depositors
effectively curtailing investment in America in response to Andrew Jackson
refusing to renew the central bank charter.
Lack of liquidity in the credit market
due to the withdrawal of funds creates the Panic of 1837.
Out of
850 banks in the US, 343 closed entirely, 62 failed partially, and the system
of state banks received a
shock from which it never fully recovered.
Contraction of the
currency immediately follows.
"The Panic of 1837 was aggravated by
the Bank of England when it in
one day threw out all the paper connected with the US." - Henry Clews
There was no expansion of the currency after 1837 until the discovery
of the gold mines of California in 1849
and the silver mines in Nevada in
1859.
Brown Brothers withdraw from the domestic
lending business.
1838
Andrew Jackson pays off the final installment of the
national debt.
Richard Lawrence attempts to shoot Andrew Jackson, both pistols
misfire.
Richard Lawrence openly brags that
powerful people in
Europe hired him and promised to protect him.
Richard Lawrence is
found not guilty by reason of insanity.
1850 State banks again began to expand, and once more America
had fair prices for produce and prosperous times.
The expansion
continues until 1857.
There is no inflation, the currency is not in excess of
the legitimate needs of business and prices are not too high.
Jacob
(James) Rothschild in France is said to be worth 600 million francs, which at
the time is 150 million francs more than all the other bankers in France put
together.
1855 Creditanstalt-Bankverein founded
by Anselm Salomon Freiherr von Rothschild to finance industrialization projects
in the Austrian Empire
primarily in the field of railroad
construction (Lombardian-Venetian state-owned railway) and the iron
industry (Prague Iron Industry Company).
Between 1854 to 1864,
Rothschilds
tender:
$200,000,000 to England;
$50,000,000 to Austria;
$40,000,000 to Prussia;
$130,000,000 to France;
$50,000,000
to Russia;
$12,000,000 to
Brazil;
in all
$482,000,000 in loans.
"From the time I took office as Chancellor of the
Exchequer, I began to learn that the State held, in the face of
the Bank and the City, an
essentially false position as to finance.
The government itself was not
to be a substantive power, but was to leave the
Money Power supreme and unquestioned." -
William Gladstone
The Russian Empire loses
the Crimean War, fought from October 1853 to February 1856, to an
alliance of the Ottoman
Empire, France, Britain and Sardinia.
The immediate cause involves
the rights of Christian
minorities in the Holy Land, which is a part of the
Ottoman Empire.
The
French promote the rights of Roman
Catholics, while Russia promotes those of the
Eastern Orthodox Church.
Panic of 1857
New York City branch of
the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company fails when the
Bank of England calls all loans to
British investors in American banks.
Grain prices fall with the end of
the Crimean War and Russian re-entry into
global markets.
Land
speculation based on forecasts of new railroads collapses.
More than 5,000 American businesses
failed within a year.
The
Bank of England
lends George Peabody £ 5,000,000 during the
Panic of 1857.
1861 American Civil War begins at Fort
Sumter, South Carolina, after South Carolina leaves the Union.
Slavery has always been cited as the cause of
the war but that is a fallacy.
"I have no purpose directly or
indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the state where it
now exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no
inclination to do so. My paramount objective is to save the Union and it is
not either to save or destroy slavery. If I
could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it." -
Abraham Lincoln
The
Southern States were in a dire economic situation due to the actions of the
Northern States.
Northern industrialists had used trade
tariffs to prevent the Southern States from buying cheaper European goods.
Europe subsequently retaliated by
stopping cotton imports from the South.
The South, forced to pay
more for goods, found income slashed.
"The division of the US
into federations of equal force was decided long before the
Civil War by the high financial powers of
Europe, these bankers were afraid that the United States if they remained as
one block and as one nation, would attain economic and financial independence
which would upset their financial
domination over the world.
They foresaw tremendous booty if they
could substitute two feeble democracies, indebted to the Jewish financiers, to
the vigorous Republic, confident and self-providing.
I fear that Jewish
Banks with their craftiness and tortuous tricks will entirely control the
exuberant riches of America, and use it to systematically corrupt modern
civilization.
The Jew will not
hesitate to plunge the whole of Christendom into wars and chaos, in order that
the earth should become the inheritance of Israel." - Otto Von Bismark
stated as Chancellor of Germany (1871 - 1890)
Only months after the
first shots are fired in South Carolina the soulless central bankers loan
Napoleon III of France (the nephew of
Napoleon Bonaparte ), 210
million francs to seize Mexico and station troops along the Southern border of
the US, by taking advantage of the American Civil War to return Mexico to
colonial rule.
This was in violation of the, "Monroe Doctrine," which was issued by
President James Monroe during his
seventh annual State of the Union address to Congress, in 1823.
In
return, the US planned to stay neutral in wars between European powers and in
wars between a European power and its colonies. However, if these latter type
of wars were to occur in the Americas, the US would view such action as hostile
toward itself.
While the French were breaching the,
Monroe Doctrine in Mexico, the
British followed suit by moving 11,000 troops into Canada and positioning them
along the Canadian border.
December 27, 1863
Allgemeine Österreichische Boden-Credit-Anstalt founded entirely
independent from government.
Austrian central bank policymakers are
unhappy with the premium which has to be paid when exchanging Austrian
banknotes for silver.
"Rothschild's war profits from the Napoleonic Wars
financed their later stock speculations.
Under Metternich, Austria
after long hesitation, finally agreed to accept financial direction from the
House of Rothschild." - Richard
Lewinsohn, Profits of War
1864 Anglo-Oesterreichische Bank
founded.
During the "Grundentlastung," many
members of the high
nobility had a substantial amount of liquid funds at their disposal and
were became the major shareholders many of the new joint stock corporate banks.
These banks made the financial resources of the Viennese financial
center increase rapidly.
Anglo-Oesterreichische Bank is given the sole
right to increase currency and requires the Austrian government to
a futures contract that
securitizes the debt with bonds that bear interest after term.
The
Austrian government relies on this to continue to fund the war.
1866 Alexander II of Russia narrowly
escaped an assassination attempt in the city of Kiev and Ferdinand Cohen-Blind
fails to assassinate Otto von
Bismarck in Unter den Linden in Berlin.
On June 14 the
Austro-Prussian War begins.
Due to a breach of the provisions of the
sole currency issuing right the government is obliged to pay compensation in
the form of interest.
Panic: September 18th, 1873
The root
cause of the Panic of 1873 orginates in the first private joint stock corporate
bank authorized by Austrian government and set up on the initiative of the
House of Rothschild.
The "K.K. Privilegierte Creditanstalt für
Handel und Gewerbe" (a credit institution catering to trade and industry)
intended to practice its business activity primarily in the field of railroad
construction companies (Lombardian-Venetian state-owned railway) and the iron
industry (Prague Iron Industry Company).
Two dozen insurance
undertakings go into liquidation or became
bankrupt with the meltdown of the Vienna Stock Exchange in Austria.
Speculation on future trade, previous debt
amassed fighting the Austro-Prussian War, and large expenditures on the
World Exposition held in the
Austrian-Hungarian capital
of Vienna create the failure.
On September 18, due to the meltdown
of the Vienna Stock Exchange, Jay Cooke, a
major component of the American banking establishment, is unable to market
several million dollars in Northern Pacific Railroad bonds which precipitates
bankruptcy.
Panic sweeps the
New York Stock Exchange precipitating the
Panic of 1873.
Although the American branch of
Jay Cooke goes bankrupt
- the London branch suffers no ill effects.
Panic of 1893 The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the
National Cordage Company go bankrupt.
Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company Records,
1863-1936
Investment banks began calling in loans.
Banks,
railroads, and steel mills fall into bankruptcy.
Over fifteen thousand
business' close.
Unemployment rates soar to twenty percent.
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