|
33 AD
"The important firm of Seuthes and Son, of Alexandria, was facing difficulties
because of the loss of three richly laden ships in a Red Sea storm, followed by
a fall in the value of ostrich feather and ivory.
About the same time
the great house of Malchus and Co. of Tyre with branches at Antioch and
Ephesus, suddenly became bankrupt as a result of a strike among their
Phoenician workmen and the embezzlements of a freedman manager.
These
failures affected the Roman banking house, Quintus Maximus and Lucious Vibo.
A run commenced on their bank and spread to other banking houses that
were said to be involved, particularly Brothers Pittius." - Otto Lightner,
History of Business Depressions
Tiberius decreed
1⁄3 of every senator’s fortune be invested in
Italian land.
The senators had 18 months to make this
adjustment.
When Publius Spencer, a wealthy noblemen, requested 30
million sesterces from Balbus Ollius, he was unable to fulfill his request.
Over the next few days, prominent banks in Corinth, Carthage, Lyons and
Byzantium failed.
This led to a bank panic and the closure of several
banks along the Via Sacra in Rome.
The panic swept throughout the Empire
including Egypt, Greece and France.
The decrees precipitating the
problem were suspended.
100 million sesterces was taken from the
imperial treasury and distributed among reliable bankers, to be loaned to
debtors with assets.
No interest was to be collected for three
years.
Real property fair market
value is doubled for loan purposes to stop
foreclosure.
This enabled many people to avoid selling their
estates at low prices, stopping the fall in prices and
liquifying the financial
system.
The financial panic ended as quickly as it began due to
increased liquidity.
When Tiberius died his fortune of 2.7 billion
sesterces went to his son Caligula.
1814
George Peabody opens business in
Georgetown, DC as Peabody, Riggs & Company operating the Georgetown
Slave Market.
Heavy government borrowing to finance the War of 1812
leads to a shortage of capital reserves in existing banks which leads to the
establishment of new banks, thus greatly expanding the money in
circulation.
Duke of Wellington attacks and forces
Napoleon Bonaparte to
abdicate.
Louis XVIII is crowned King of France.
Napoleon Bonaparte is exiled to the
tiny island of Elba, off the coast of Italy.
1815
Napoleon Bonaparte escapes exile and
assembles an army which the Duke of Wellington defeats less than 90 days later
at Waterloo.
Nathan Mayer
Rothschild sends a trusted courier, Rothworth, to Waterloo where he stays
on the edge of the battlefield.
Peabody, Riggs & Company move to
Baltimore where they operated from 1815 to 1835.
George Peabody finds
himself increasingly involved with business originating from London, and in
1835, he established the firm of George Peabody & Company in London.
Nathan Mayer Rothschild funds
George Peabody's ascension into London society.
George Peabody operates
in stock markets with a half million lb on hand, and became very astute in
buying and selling on both sides of the Atlantic. Junius Spencer Morgan, father
of John Pierpont
Morgan, acts as George Peabody's American agent.
George Peabody
later concieves of the idea of tax-exempt charitable foundation by founding the
Peabody Fund established in 1867 with $2 million.
The Peabody Fund was
established to provide money for construction, endowments, scholarships,
teacher and industrial education for newly freed slaves.
The Fund would
seek locations where there were sufficient numbers of students and cooperative
public officials who would combine the relatively small grant with tax money to
build the school.
Northern merchantilists wanted to industrialize the
South.
George Peabody is succeeded by Junius Spencer Morgan.
Junius Spencer Morgan expands the firm's activities by
shipping large quantities of railroad
iron to the US from England.
1816 This
unregulated expansion leads Congress in to
pass a bill permitting yet another privately
owned central bank to regulate the money supply.
This bank is called
the, "Second Bank of the US," and it's charter is a carbon copy of its
predecessor, the First Bank of the US.
The US government would once
again supposedly owns 20% of the shares of the bank.
The Second Bank of
the US calls a halt to the expansion of the money supply and launches the
painful process of contraction which in turn creates the Panic of
1819.
Panic of 1819
Marks the end of the economic expansion that had following the War of 1812.
The first major financial crisis in the US after the depression of the
late 1780s results in widespread
foreclosures, bank failures, unemployment, and a slump in agriculture and
manufacturing.
1826 Talley stick is taken out of
circulation in England.
1828 Senator Andrew
Jackson of Tennessee is elected President.
1832
Second Bank of the US asks Congress to pass a renewal of the bank's charter
four years early.
Congress complies and sends the bill to Andrew
Jackson for signing.
Andrew Jackson vetoes the bill.
Congress
is unable to override Andrew Jackson's veto.
Andrew Jackson stands for
re-election and for the first time in American history he takes re-election
campaign on the road.
His campaign slogan is, "Jackson And No Bank!"
1833 Andrew Jackson appoints Roger B. Taney as
Secretary of State for the Treasury, with instructions to start removing the
government's deposits from the Second Bank of the US.
Andrew Jackson's
previous two Secretaries of State for the Treasury, William J. Duane and Louis
McLane both refused to comply with Andrew Jackson's request and were fired as a
result.
Nicholas Biddle blocks Roger B. Taney's nomination and threatens
to cause a depression if the Bank is not re-chartered.
"This worthy
President thinks that because he has scalped Indians and imprisoned judges, he
is to have his way with the Bank. He is mistaken."- Nicholas Biddle
Nicholas Biddle then went on to brazenly admit that the
central bank was intending to make money
scarce in order to force the hand of Congress into re-chartering the bank.
Second Bank of the United States sharply contracts the money supply by
calling in old loans and refusing to
issue new ones.
A financial panic ensues.
"In the fall of 1833
the removal of the deposits was made, and the Panic of 1834 followed.
The bank, by October, 1834, had contracted it circulation nearly 20 per
cent. When its attempt to coerce a restoration of the deposits and a renewal of
the charter failed it commenced an expansion.
The great expansion
produced the disastrous excesses of 1835 and 1836. The bank is justly
responsible for the whole amount of the expansion from the lowest point of
contraction in 1834." - Samuel Jones Tilden
1835
Congress assembles the "Panic Session" on March 27 Andrew Jackson is
officially censured by Congress for withdrawing funds from the Second Bank, in
a vote which passes the Senate by 26 to 20.
Nicholas Biddle boasts in
public about the plan to crash the
American economy.
In a complete about turn on April 4, the House of
Representatives voted 134 to 82 against re-chartering the Second Bank of the
US.
Second Bank is responsible for receiving and maintaining all the
deposits of the federal
government including revenue generated from customs duties taken from
foreign trade as well as sales of federal land in the West.
Second Bank
notes are the only notes accepted by the federal government for payment of
federal taxes.
A special committee is established to investigate
whether the Second Bank of the US had caused the crash.
When the
investigating committee arrives at the bank's door in Philadelphia with a
subpoena authorizing them to inspect the books, Nicholas Biddle refuses to give
them up, or allow inspection of correspondence with Congressmen relating to
their personal loans and advancements he has made to them.
Nicholas
Biddle also refuses to testify before the committee back in
Washington.
Almost a third of Second Bank stock was held by foreigners,
mostly in Great Britain.
Second Bank charter advantaged foreign holders
of the Bank’s stock over domestic holders because foreigners were exempt
from state and federal taxes on the dividends paid out to them.
"While the Second Bank did not directly control the
nation’s monetary policy, the large amount of deposits and
constant demand for its notes allowed it indirectly control the money supply of
state and private banks.
By accumulating large amounts of other
banks’ notes in its vaults, the Second Bank of the United States could
reduce the amount of credit these banks were capable of issuing by redeeming
notes for specie to reduce the amount of deposits held within the bank.
In the same vein, they could allow credit to expand by holding other
banks’ notes in their vaults or depositing specie into state and private
banks , thereby allowing those institutions
to issue more credit.
The sheer size of the bank’s balance sheet
gave it a large rein of control over the inner workings of the nation’s
state and private banks." - Kevin Mulcrone 2017
1836 Charter for the Second Bank of the US expires, and the
bank ceases functioning as America's central
bank.
Nicholas Biddle is later arrested and charged with fraud.
Nicholas Biddle is tried and acquitted but dies in 1844 still battling
civil suits.
Panic of 1837
Bank of England increases the interest rate paid to
depositors effectively
curtailing investment in America in response to Andrew Jackson refusing to
renew the central bank charter.
Lack of liquidity in the
credit market due to the withdrawal of funds creates the
Panic of 1837.
Out of 850
banks in the US, 343 closed entirely, 62 failed partially, and the system of
state banks received a
shock from which it never fully recovered.
Contraction of the
currency immediately follows.
"The Panic of 1837 was aggravated by the
Bank of England when it in
one day threw out all the paper connected with the US." - Henry Clews
There was no expansion of the currency after 1837 until the discovery
of the gold mines of California in
1849 and the silver mines in
Nevada in 1859.
Brown Brothers withdraw from the domestic lending
business.
1838 Andrew Jackson pays off the final
installment of the national debt.
Richard Lawrence attempts to shoot Andrew Jackson, both pistols
misfire.
Richard Lawrence openly brags that
powerful people in Europe
hired him and promised to protect him.
Richard Lawrence is found
not guilty by reason of insanity.
1850 State banks again began to expand, and once more America
had fair prices for produce and prosperous times.
The expansion
continues until 1857.
There is no inflation, the currency is not in
excess of the legitimate needs of business and prices are not too
high.
Jacob (James) Rothschild in France is said to be worth 600 million
francs, which at the time is 150 million francs more than all the other bankers
in France put together.
Between
1854 to
1864, Rothschilds
tender:
$200,000,000 to England;
$50,000,000 to
Austria;
$40,000,000 to Prussia;
$130,000,000 to
France;
$50,000,000 to Russia;
$12,000,000 to
Brazil;
in all $482,000,000 in
loans.
1852 "From
the time I took office as Chancellor of the Exchequer, I began to learn that
the State held, in the face of the Bank and the City, an
essentially false position as to finance. The government itself was not to be a
substantive power, but was to leave the Money Power supreme and unquestioned."
- William Gladstone
1855 Creditanstalt-Bankverein
founded by Anselm Salomon Freiherr von Rothschild to finance industrialization
projects in the Austrian Empire
primarily in the field of railroad construction (Lombardian-Venetian
state-owned railway) and the iron
industry (Prague Iron Industry Company).
1856
The Russian Empire loses the Crimean War, fought
from October 1853 to February 1856, to an alliance of the
Ottoman Empire, France,
Britain and Sardinia.
The immediate cause involves the rights of
Christian minorities in the Holy
Land, which is a part of the Ottoman Empire.
The French
promote the rights of Roman
Catholics, while Russia promotes those of the
Eastern Orthodox Church.
Panic of 1857
New York City
branch of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company fails when the
Bank of England calls all loans to
British investors in American banks.
Grain prices fall with the end of
the Crimean War and Russian re-entry into
global markets.
Land speculation based on forecasts of new
railroads collapses.
More than 5,000 American businesses failed within a
year.
The Bank of
England lends George Peabody £ 5,000,000 during the Panic of
1857.
1861 American Civil War begins at Fort
Sumter, South Carolina, after South Carolina leaves the Union.
Slavery has always been cited as the cause of
the war but that is a fallacy.
"I have no purpose directly or
indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the state where it
now exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no
inclination to do so. My paramount objective is to save the Union and it is
not either to save or destroy slavery.
If I could save the Union without freeing any
slave, I would do it." -
Abraham Lincoln
The
Southern States were in a dire economic situation due to the actions of the
Northern States.
Northern
industrialists had used trade tariffs to prevent the Southern States from
buying cheaper European goods.
Europe subsequently retaliated by stopping cotton
imports from the South.
The South, forced to pay more for goods,
found income slashed.
"The division of the US into federations of
equal force was decided long before the Civil War by
the high financial powers of
Europe, these bankers were afraid that the United States if they remained
as one block and as one nation, would attain economic and financial
independence which would upset
their financial domination over the world.
They foresaw tremendous
booty if they could substitute two feeble democracies, indebted to the Jewish
financiers, to the vigorous Republic, confident and self-providing.
I fear that Jewish Banks with
their craftiness and tortuous tricks will entirely control the exuberant riches
of America, and use it to systematically corrupt modern civilization.
The
Jew will not hesitate to plunge the whole of Christendom into wars and chaos,
in order that the earth should become the inheritance of Israel." - Otto
Von Bismark stated as Chancellor of Germany (1871 - 1890)
Only months
after the first shots are fired in South Carolina the soulless central bankers
loan Napoleon III of France (the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte), 210 million
francs to seize Mexico and
station troops along the Southern border of the US, by taking advantage of the
American Civil War to return
Mexico to colonial rule.
This was in
violation of the, "Monroe Doctrine," which was issued by
President James Monroe during his
seventh annual State of the Union address to Congress, in 1823.
In
return, the US planned to stay neutral in wars between European powers and in
wars between a European power and its colonies. However, if these latter type
of wars were to occur in the Americas, the US would view such action as hostile
toward itself.
While the French were breaching the,
Monroe Doctrine in Mexico, the
British followed suit by moving 11,000 troops into Canada and positioning them
along the Canadian border.
December 27, 1863
Allgemeine Österreichische Boden-Credit-Anstalt founded entirely
independent from government.
Austrian central bank policymakers are
unhappy with the premium which has to be paid when exchanging Austrian
banknotes for silver.
"Rothschild's war profits from the Napoleonic Wars
financed their later stock speculations.
Under Metternich, Austria after
long hesitation, finally agreed to accept financial direction from the
House of Rothschild." - Richard
Lewinsohn, Profits of War
1864 Anglo-Oesterreichische Bank
founded.
During the "Grundentlastung," many
members of the high
nobility have a substantial amount of liquid funds at their disposal and
become major shareholders in many of the new joint stock corporate banks.
The financial resources of the Viennese financial center increases
rapidly.
Anglo-Oesterreichische Bank is given the sole right to issue
currency.
The Austrian government relies on this to continue to fund the
war.
International bankers take
control.
1866
Tsar Alexander II of Russia narrowly escapes an assassination attempt
in the city of Kiev by Dmitry Vladimirovich Karakozov.
Ferdinand
Cohen-Blind fails to assassinate Otto
von Bismarck in Unter den Linden in Berlin.
On June 14 the
Austro-Prussian War begins.
Due to a breach of the provisions of the
sole currency issuing right the government is obliged to pay compensation in
the form of interest.
Panic:
September 18th, 1873
The root cause of the Panic of 1873
orginates in the first private joint stock corporate bank authorized by
Austrian government and set up on the initiative of the House of Rothschild.
The "K.K. Privilegierte Creditanstalt für Handel und Gewerbe" (a
credit institution catering to trade and industry) intended to practice its
business activity primarily in the field of railroad construction companies
(Lombardian-Venetian state-owned railway) and the iron industry (Prague Iron
Industry Company).
Two dozen insurance undertakings go into liquidation
or became bankrupt with the meltdown of the Vienna Stock Exchange in Austria.
Speculation on future trade, previous debt
amassed fighting the Austro-Prussian War, and large expenditures on the
World Exposition held in the Austrian-Hungarian capital of Vienna create
the failure.
On September 18, due to the meltdown of the Vienna Stock
Exchange, Jay Cooke, a major component of
the American banking establishment, is unable to market several million dollars
in Northern Pacific Railroad bonds which precipitates bankruptcy.
Panic
sweeps the New York Stock Exchange
precipitating the Panic of 1873.
Although the American branch of
Jay Cooke goes bankrupt
- the London branch suffers no ill effects.
Panic of 1893 The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the
National Cordage Company go bankrupt.
Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company Records,
1863-1936
Investment banks began calling in loans.
Banks,
railroads, and steel mills fall
into bankruptcy.
Over fifteen thousand business'
close.
Unemployment rates soar to twenty percent.
 |
|
 |
This web site is not a commercial web site and
is presented for educational purposes only.
This website defines a new
perspective with which to engage reality to which its author adheres. The
author feels that the falsification of reality outside personal experience has
forged a populace unable to discern propaganda from reality and that this has
been done purposefully by an international
corporate cartel through their agents who wish to foist a corrupt version
of reality on the human race. Religious intolerance occurs when any group
refuses to tolerate religious practices, religious beliefs or persons due to
their philosophical ideology. This web site marks the founding of a system of
philosophy named The Truth of the Way of the Lumière Infinie - a
rational gnostic mystery religion based on reason which requires no leap of
faith, accepts no tithes, has no supreme leader, no church buildings and in
which each and every individual is encouraged to develop a personal relation
with the Creator and Sustainer through the pursuit of the knowledge of reality
in the hope of curing the spiritual corruption that has enveloped the human
spirit. The tenets of The Truth of the Way of the Lumière Infinie are
spelled out in detail on this web site by the author. Violent acts against
individuals due to their religious beliefs in America is considered a "hate
crime."
This web site in no way condones violence. To the contrary the
intent here is to reduce the violence that is already occurring due to the
international corporate cartels desire to control the human race. The
international corporate cartel already controls the world economic system,
corporate media worldwide, the global industrial military entertainment complex
and is responsible for the collapse of morals, the elevation of self-centered
behavior and the destruction of global ecosystems. Civilization is based on
coöperation. Coöperation does not occur at the point of a
gun.
American social mores and values have declined precipitously over
the last century as the corrupt international cartel has garnered more and more
power. This power rests in the ability to deceive the populace in general
through corporate media by pressing emotional buttons which have been
preprogrammed into the population through prior corporate media psychological
operations. The results have been the destruction of the family and the
destruction of social structures that do not adhere to the corrupt
international elites vision of a perfect world. Through distraction and
coercion the direction of thought of the bulk of the population has been
directed toward solutions proposed by the corrupt international elite that
further consolidates their power and which further their purposes.
All
views and opinions presented on this web site are the views and opinions of
individual human men and women that, through their writings, showed the
capacity for intelligent, reasonable, rational, insightful and unpopular
thought. All factual information presented on this web site is believed to be
true and accurate and is presented as originally presented in print media which
may or may not have originally presented the facts truthfully. Opinion and
thoughts have been adapted, edited, corrected, redacted, combined, added to,
re-edited and re-corrected as nearly all opinion and thought has been
throughout time but has been done so in the spirit of the original writer with
the intent of making his or her thoughts and opinions clearer and relevant to
the reader in the present time.
Fair Use Notice
This site may contain
copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically
authorized by the copyright owner. We are making such material available in our
efforts to advance understanding of criminal justice, human rights, political,
economic, democratic, scientific, and social justice issues, etc. We believe
this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for
in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C.
Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those
who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for
research and educational purposes. For more information see:
www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. If you wish to use copyrighted
material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you
must obtain permission from the copyright owner. |
 Copyright
© Lawrence Turner
All Rights Reserved
|
