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This great Celtic
oath calls the very elements to witness.
Celts held a
panentheistic or
primal holistic concept
of deity.
"Elements" are
powerful manifestations of gods,
not to be trifled with.
This great Celtic oath is
a most solemn pledge to the
elements to destroy those who do not keep their word and repay their debts.
The state of the
land is always a reflection of the kingly rule.
Omens in the sky,
the soil no longer growing crops,
the rains coming at the
wrong times, unseasonable cold and
hot waves, all pointed to
poor stewardship on the part of the king who directed the activities of the
people.
Or did these
omens point to bad advice ?
"Good is his reign. Since he assumed the
kingship, no cloud has veiled the sun for
the space of a day from the middle of
spring to the middle of autumn. Not a dewdrop has fallen from grass till
midday."
The word druid (Irish drui, Welsh derwydd) is
derived from the Sanskrit: veda - to see or
know, combined with the word for oak: Gaulish dervo, Irish dour,
Welsh derw.
The words for wood and wisdom are very close: Irish
fid and fios mean tree and knowledge; Welsh gwydd and
gwyddon mean tree and
knowledgeable.
This close connection suggests a druid is 'a knower of the tree' or
'tree-sage', give a closer feel of what the druid really was -
a seer of great
knowledge, whose closeness to the natural world put him or her in the
position as a Walker
of the Thinspace between the
collective
subconscious of mankind and
the unseen collective consciousness of
Nature.
The druids, sons and daughters of the Oak, were distinct by
reason of the gift of reading
natural patterns.
The gathering place for Galatian druids was called
Drunemeton, literally "Oak Sanctuary".
Male and female druids
were gifted people who exhibited excellence in various arts (talents or skills) while
maintaining shamanic roles.
Druids were the repositories of
Oral Tradition
wisdom/knowledge.
Druids, who searched for
deeper understanding in the
patterns revealed throughout Nature, used that wisdom/knowledge to note the
right time for spring
sowing, autumn harvest or
the prognosis of an
injured limb.
Some druids specialized in
Branches of Nature,
becoming seers or
fáithi,
teachers,
poets,
satirists and
battle strategists as
well as advisers to
kings.
A druid is a
person with natural wisdom whose advice is sought on matters of daily life;
one who perhaps also practices a
craft; one who married
and had a family; one
who brought people together for common celebrations.
In the druid we
see the earliest form of tribal leadership - which
was spiritual rather than
temporal.
Distinctions between king and druid are blurred in Celtic
mythology.
Although the king is the assumed leader, the druid rules
through omen.
Rome banned the Druidic arts after sacking Anglesey in AD
64.
The function of the seer or fáithi, to divine the
course of human affairs through
a close observation of human
nature, is still associated with people of Celtic extraction, many of whom
possess 'the second
sight'.
4000 BC The ancient Celts
are a branch of the Indo-Europeans, an ethnico-linguistic group that includes
Germanic, Slavic, Greek and Indo-Iranian people.
From the the
Pontic-Caspian Steppes, the Proto-Indo-Europeans conquer most
of Europe, Central Asia and South Asia
thanks to the advent of the Bronze Age in the North Caucasus.
2500
Proto-Celtic people enter Europe from the Balkans equipped with horses and
superior bronze weapons quickly
conquering Western Europe, from Iberia to the British Isles.
1200 Classical Celtic culture emerges in central Europe around
modern Austria, Bavaria and Switzerland as found in Hallstatt, Upper Austria.
600 to 400
BC La Tène culture spreads from the Alps to most of Western and
Central Europe.
People in these areas speak a similar language, share
the same religion, have similar traditions and beliefs and engage in the same
arts and techniques.
Celts are more advanced than the Romans in
science, law and economics.
Pre-Roman
Celtic calendars are much more accurate than the Roman one.
Each Galatian
tribe was organized in four septs (clans), each ruled by a tetrach (chief),
assisted by a judge, a general and two deputy generals.
Each sept sent
25 senators to a central shrine called Drunemeton.
Ancient
Celtic society gave much more freedom and power to women than
the Greeks and Romans did.
Greco-Roman housewives were prohibited to do
business and mostly sequestrated in their home under the supervision of male
family members.
Celtic women could become powerful tribe leaders and go
to war.
390
BC Celts plunder Rome.
Oaks are of primordial importance in
Celtic religion.
Druids ritually cut mistletoe off oak trees.
Celts believed in recycling - automatic reincarnation of the Eternal
Soul.
The Celts practice ritual human sacrifice to the
gods, typically near water (lake, river, spring) and/or in forest groves.
Offerings appear to be war prisoners or criminals.
Druids,
being both judges and priests, combining judicial executions with the honouring
of the gods.
Romans crucified
political opponents and had prisoners killed or
eaten alive by wild beasts in
arenas.
Celtic religious sacrifices were
less barbaric than Romans
executions.
Many ancient Celtic tribes gave their names to modern
places.
Bohemia was named after the Boii, and Belgium after the
Belgae.
The ancient name of Switzerland was Helvetia, from the
Celtic Helvetii tribe.
In France, Paris is named after the
Parisi tribe, and Lyon is a corruption of Celtic name Lugdunon, meaning
the "hill fort of Lugh" (one of the most important Celtic deity).
A Cisalpine branch of the Veneti tribe gave their
name to Venice and the Veneto region in Italy.
The Italian cities of
Belluno, Bergamo, Bologna, Brescia, Brianza, Genova and Milano all have Celtic
roots.
300 BC Celts invent chainmail and the
helmets later used by Roman legionaries.
Celtic swords and shields are
at least as good as the Roman's.
The decoration of the Celtic weapons,
chariots and artifacts was in many ways superior to those of many Mediterranean
cultures.
58 BC The Celts are immensely rich and
prosperous.
They have a built a road network across the European
continent.
The Celts active trade with the Mediterranean world,
exchanging notably their iron tools and weapons for wine and pottery.
They import amber from the Baltic to resell to the Romans and
Greeks.
Gauls are described as wearing shiny, gold-like armours and
swords.
Julius Caesar, an opportunist, makes his move.
Over 400
Celtic gold mines are found in France alone.
The Romans have little
gold on the Apennine Peninsula so the conquest of Gaul will be a tremendous
boost to their Mediterranean power.
Julius Caesar, Patrician, decimates
the Celts slaughtering 10% and enslaving another 10% to be marched back to Rome
as booty.
Green Man has survived
countless transformations and cultural diversities.
It is with the
coming of the empire that his images are noted as spanning religions, as he has
been found both within the empire and at its borders.. |
405 AD
Jerome of Stridon
notes that the language of the Anatolian Galatians in his day is still very
similar to the language of the Treveri (from the region of Trier
on the border of Germany and
Luxembourg).
Celtic languages progressively disappear during the
Middle Ages.
They only survive in Brittany, Corwall, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, and
for a time also in Galacia (north-western Spain).
Only a minority of
people still speak Celtic/Gaelic languages, and they are
confined to Wales, Brittany
and western Ireland.
2001 The Basque language
is considered to be a language isolate; a language which is not known to be
related to any other in the world.
The Basques are thought to be the
closest descendants of the Palaeolithic people who established the first
settlements in Britain more than 10,000 years ago.
Welsh and Irishmen
are genetic blood-brothers of the Basque people.
The evidence of a link
is in a study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences by James Wilson and Prof David Goldstein of University
College London, with colleagues at Oxford University and the
University of California, Davis.
Study
The
findings provide the first direct evidence of a close relationship between the
people thought of as Celts and the Basques.
The team looked for
similarities between the Y chromosomes - only carried by men - of 88 "Celtic
fringe" individuals from Anglesey, North Wales, 146 from Ireland with Irish
Gaelic surnames, and 50 Basques, revealing "remarkable" similarities.
The Celts carry the early Y chromosome, said the study, which provides
the first clear evidence of a close relationship in the paternal heritage of
Basque and Celtic speaking populations.
"They were statistically
indistinguishable," said Prof Goldstein.
Gene
Study Shows Ties Long Veiled In Europe
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