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1938 PTFE is discovered serendipitously by DuPont chemist, Roy
Plunkett, who finds that a tank of gaseous tetrafluoroethylene
(C2F4) had polymerized
to a white powder.
PFOA is an essential ingredient in the making of
stick-resistant Teflon, which is used in cook-ware, clothing, bedding and an
array of other household products.
PFOA was present in the blood of
nearly all the 1,500 people tested in the US, including young children.
Perfluorooctanoic acid is transferred
to fetuses in the womb.
Animal tests have shown that high doses of the PFOA causes liver
cancer, immune
suppression and
developmental
disorders.
PFOA exposure may increase cholesterol and triglyceride
levels in people.
Toxicologists have reported that levels found in some
children are as high as those found in chemical plant workers and approach
those that caused developmental problems in rats.
PFOA persists in the
environment indefintely and has been found in the blood of polar bears.
1951 DuPont has developed applications
for Teflon in commercial bread and cookie-making; however the incorporation
avoids the market for consumer cookware due to potential problems associated
with release of toxic gases if stove-top pans are overheated in
inadequately ventilated
spaces.
The pyrolysis of PTFE, detectable at 200 °C (392
°F), evolves several fluorocarbon gases and a sublimate.
A study
documented birds having been killed by these decomposition products at 202
°C (396 °F), with unconfirmed reports of bird deaths as a result of
non-stick cookware heated to as little as 163 °C (325 °F). Meat is
usually fried between 204 and 232 °C (399 and 450 °F).
When pans
are overheated beyond approximately 350 °C (660 °F) the PTFE coating
begins to dissociate, releasing byproducts (PFOA) which can cause
polymer fume fever in humans and can be
lethal to birds.
1981
DuPont internal memos indicated
that DuPont is aware of a study conducted by
3M that showed PFOA was harmful
to newborn rats, killing some and causing some to be born with eye and face
defects.
DuPont moves female employees out of PFOA areas at the plant
and tells them to consult physicians before getting pregnant but does not sound
an alarm.
2002 Pertluorooctanoic acid, or PFOA,
poses a "substantial risk of injury to human health or the
environment,"
including a risk of birth defects.
Most of the research is conducted by scientists for 3M incorporation,
which was the main manufacturer of PFOA until , when it voluntarily stopped
making it.
3M incorporation also removes its Scotchgard products from
the market because they contained a related
chemical.
DuPont is the
only US manufacturer of perfluorooctanoic acid. Seven other companies,
3M/Dynean, a unit of 3M, French incorporation Arkema, Japan's AGC
Chemical/Asahi Glass, Switzerland's Ciba Specialty Chemicals Holding &
Clariant, Japan's Daikin Industries and Italy's Solvay Solexis use PFOA in
other products such as textiles, automobile fuel systems, computer chips,
telecommunications equipment, electronic wiring, fire fighting foams and
certain paper.
These 8 companies use 75% of the PFOA - China uses
25%.
2004
DuPont proposes a
settlement with as many as 60,000 residents of Ohio and West Virginia of six
area water districts with ground water contamination with PFOA which the
incorporation has used to manufacture Teflon and other products since
1951.
2005 Minnesota residents claimed 3M
discharged PFOA and PFOS, perfluorooctanoic sulfonate, in Washington County
contaminating ground and well water.
The former medical director of
DuPont reveals that more
than 20 years ago the corporation became aware of
birth defects in 2 of 8 children born
to women who worked at one of their facilities manufacturing Teflon.
Similar birth
defects occur in the general public at a rate of 2 in every 1,000 births.
Perfluorooctanoic acid can leach into food from packaging.
PFOA
is still used to coat food
packaging to keep oils from bleeding into the packaging. Some researchers
contend that the chemical can leach into french fries from the small bags used
typically by fast food chains.
Perfluorooctanoic acid can also leach
onto popcorn as the microwavable packaging is coated with a teflon-like
material.
Perfluorooctanoic acid is also used to coat
pizza delivery boxes.
When heated perfluorooctanoic acid can be released from the
packaging.
DuPont, which continues to manufacture
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resin or Teflon, reached a $16.5 million
settlement with the EPA to settle allegations the incorporation hid information
about the of a toxic chemical known as
PFOA used in the manufacture of Teflon.
DuPont covered up important
information about PFOA's health effects and about the
pollution of water supplies near the incorporation's Washington Works plant for
20 years.
Teflon is used as an inert in pesticide formulations applied
to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after
harvest.
People with the higher PFOA levels were more than twice as
likely to have thyroid diseases.
Teflon Patents
Roy J. PLUNKETT, Wilmington, Del.,
assignor to Kinetic Chemicals Inc.: "Tetrafluoroethylene Polymers"; US Patent
2,230,654; filed July 1, 1939; granted Feb. 4, 1941; French Patent (FR)
917,431; filed Nov. 14, 1945; granted Jan. 7, 1947 (Kinetic Chemicals Inc. is a
subsidiary of E. I. Du Pont de Nemours,
Wilmington, Delaware)
1995 Michael J. McCREERY, Xenia, Ohio, assignor to
the United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army:
"Topical skin protectants", US Patent 5,607,979; filed May 30, 1995; granted
March 4, 1997
2020
Toxic
PFAS Fallout Found Near Incinerator in Upstate New York
Indiana-based
Companies in Charge of Incinerating Military’s PFAS Firefighting Foam
Stockpiles |
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